Which of the following activities is most directly related to executive function?
Learning that a particular tone signals an electric shock to the hand
Driving home from work while a familiar song plays on the radio
Inhibiting a response that does not fit current task demands
Riding a bicycle around the neighborhood
Perceiving the difference between a ten-pound weight and a fifteen-pound weight
The Correct Answer is C
A. Learning that a particular tone signals an electric shock to the hand: This is classical conditioning (associative learning), not primarily executive control.
B. Driving home from work while a familiar song plays on the radio: This often involves automatized routines and procedural memory, not the active control processes of executive function.
C. Inhibiting a response that does not fit current task demands: inhibition is a core component of executive function (control, working memory, cognitive flexibility).
D. Riding a bicycle around the neighborhood: Once learned, bicycling is largely procedural/automatic and doesn’t directly index executive function.
E. Perceiving the difference between a ten-pound weight and a fifteen-pound weight: This is a perceptual discrimination task, not an executive-control activity.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Longitudinal: Longitudinal studies follow the sameindividuals over time to observe change; Dr. Morgan is comparing different age groups at one time, not following the same people.
B. Cross-sectional: cross-sectional studies compare different age/cohort groups at a single point in time (e.g., twenty-year-olds vs forty-year-olds) to assess age differences.
C. Cross-sequential: Cross-sequential (cohort-sequential) combines cross-sectional and longitudinal elements by following multiple cohorts over time; Dr. Morgan’s design as described is not doing that.
D. Experimental: Experimental implies manipulation of an independent variable and random assignment; Dr. Morgan is surveying/comparing groups, not manipulating variables.
E. Observational: Partially true (cross-sectional studies are observational), but this choice is too general - the specific correct label for comparing two age groups at one time is “cross-sectional.”
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Underextension:Underextension is using a word too narrowly (e.g., using “dog” to refer only to the family pet), not shown here.
B. Overextension:Overextension is applying a word too broadly (e.g., calling all animals “dog”); not what “We goed” illustrates.
C. Telegraphic speech:Telegraphic speech refers to short, content-word sentences (e.g., “want cookie”); Nanette’s error involves morphology, not the telegraphic style.
D. Overregularization:“We goed” is overregularization - applying regular past-tense rules (-ed) to an irregular verb (go to went).
E. Fast mapping:Fast mapping is rapid initial word learning from minimal exposure; not relevant to this morphological error.
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