Which of the following is the best example of a behavior learned through classical conditioning?
Carlo's older brother shows him how to use the lawn mower.
Layla imitates her mother braiding her hair.
Britta smiles and laughs when her puppy runs toward her.
Neil's mouth starts watering as he hears the sound of corn popping.
Jovan's father takes him camping after he earns all A’s on his report card.
The Correct Answer is D
A. Carlo's older brother shows him how to use the lawn mower: This is observational learning or modeling (learning by watching someone), not classical conditioning.
B. Layla imitates her mother braiding her hair: Also imitation/modeling (social learning), not classical conditioning.
C. Britta smiles and laughs when her puppy runs toward her: This is an emotional/social response to an appetitive stimulus (reinforcement/approach) or innate positive reaction, not a learned reflex through stimulus pairing.
D. Neil's mouth starts watering as he hears the sound of corn popping: a neutral stimulus (popcorn sound) becomes associated with food (unconditioned stimulus) so that the sound alone elicits salivation - classical (Pavlovian) conditioning.
E. Jovan's father takes him camping after he earns all A’s on his report card: This is operant conditioning (rewarding desired behavior), not classical conditioning.
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Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Habituation: Habituation is decreased response after repeated exposure, not a reward/punishment behavior-management system.
B. Modeling: Modeling (observational learning) involves learning by watching others; giving treats/time-outs is direct contingency-based management, not modeling.
C. Classical conditioning: Classical conditioning pairs stimuli to elicit reflexive responses; treats/time-outs operate on consequences, not stimulus pairing.
D. Operant conditioning: providing treats for appropriate behavior (reinforcement) and time-outs for misbehavior (punishment/negative punishment) are textbook examples of operant conditioning.
E. Social learning theory: Social learning includes modeling and vicarious reinforcement; although related, the direct use of rewards/punishments is specifically operant conditioning.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Emotion-centered coping:Emotion-centered coping focuses on managing emotional responses (calming oneself), not directly practicing skills.
B. Problem-centered coping:problem-centered coping involves tackling the problem directly (practicing to improve performance), which Shaun is doing.
C. Transitive inference:Transitive inference is a logical reasoning ability (if A>B and B>C, then A>C), unrelated to coping strategies.
D. Attribution retraining:Attribution retraining involves changing how one explains successes/failures, not direct practice to solve the problem.
E. Guided participation:Guided participation involves adult scaffolding of a child’s learning; Shaun is practicing independently, so the best fit is problem-centered coping.
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