Which of the following antibiotics is known to cause photosensitivity?

Penicillin

Cephalosporin

Tetracycline

Vancomycin

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: Penicillin antibiotics, like amoxicillin, inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and are not associated with photosensitivity. Their side effects include allergic reactions and gastrointestinal upset. Photosensitivity requires drugs that absorb UV light, altering skin response, which is not a mechanism of penicillin’s action on bacterial peptidoglycan.

Choice B reason: Cephalosporins, similar to penicillins, target bacterial cell walls and are not commonly linked to photosensitivity. Their side effects include hypersensitivity and gastrointestinal issues. Unlike drugs that cause phototoxic reactions by absorbing UV light, cephalosporins lack chromophores that trigger skin photosensitivity, making this incorrect.

Choice C reason: Tetracyclines, like doxycycline, are known to cause photosensitivity by forming phototoxic compounds under UV light exposure. These compounds generate reactive oxygen species, damaging skin cells and causing exaggerated sunburn or rashes. Patients must avoid sun exposure and use sunscreen to prevent this adverse effect during therapy.

Choice D reason: Vancomycin, used for gram-positive infections, inhibits cell wall synthesis but is not associated with photosensitivity. Its primary side effects include nephrotoxicity and red man syndrome. It does not absorb UV light or form phototoxic metabolites, making it an unlikely cause of skin reactions to sunlight.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Combining heparin and warfarin does not reduce adverse effects. Heparin risks bleeding and thrombocytopenia, while warfarin adds bleeding risk. The combination is used to bridge therapy until warfarin’s anticoagulant effect is therapeutic, not to minimize side effects, making this statement incorrect.

Choice B reason: Heparin provides immediate anticoagulation by enhancing antithrombin activity, inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa. Warfarin takes 3-5 days to achieve therapeutic INR by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Heparin bridges this delay, ensuring continuous anticoagulation during warfarin initiation, making this the correct response.

Choice C reason: Heparin and warfarin do not work synergistically. Heparin acts rapidly via antithrombin, while warfarin slowly inhibits clotting factor synthesis. Their effects are independent, used together to maintain anticoagulation during warfarin’s delayed onset, not to enhance each other’s mechanisms, making this inaccurate.

Choice D reason: Warfarin is not used because heparin is insufficient but to provide long-term oral anticoagulation. Heparin is effective but requires IV administration, while warfarin allows outpatient management. The combination ensures anticoagulation during warfarin’s onset, not to compensate for heparin’s inadequacy.

A. The client reports orange-tinged urine. B. There is a decrease in symptoms of tuberculosis along with improved chest radiographs and sputum cultures. C. There is increased tolerance to the medication therapy, and there are fewer reports of adverse effects. D. There are two consecutive negative purified protein derivative (PPD) results over 2 months.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Orange-tinged urine is an expected effect of rifampin, not a therapeutic response. It results from the drug’s red-orange metabolite excreted in urine, not an indicator of tuberculosis resolution. Clinical improvement, like reduced symptoms and negative cultures, better reflects the effectiveness of antitubercular therapy.

Choice B reason: A therapeutic response to antitubercular therapy is indicated by decreased symptoms (e.g., cough, fever), improved chest radiographs (reduced infiltrates), and negative sputum cultures, showing reduced Mycobacterium tuberculosis burden. These objective measures confirm the drugs, like isoniazid and rifampin, are effectively killing the bacteria and resolving the infection.

Choice C reason: Increased tolerance to antitubercular therapy or fewer adverse effects does not indicate a therapeutic response. Tolerance reflects patient adaptation to side effects, not bacterial clearance. Objective measures like symptom reduction and negative cultures are needed to confirm the therapy’s effectiveness against tuberculosis.

Choice D reason: Negative PPD results are not used to monitor active tuberculosis treatment. PPD tests detect latent tuberculosis or prior exposure, not active disease. Therapeutic response is assessed through symptom improvement, chest imaging, and sputum cultures, which directly indicate the reduction of active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

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Which of the following antibiotics is known to cause photosensitivity?

Nursing Test Bank

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Explanation

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