Which of the following groups of individuals constitutes a blended family?

A. Self-esteem: Self-esteem is one’s evaluative attitude toward oneself, not seeking cues from others to guide action.
B. Scaffolding: Scaffolding is caregiver support that helps a child perform just beyond current competence; looking to a parent for cues is related but not the same as scaffolding.
C. Social smile: Social smile is an early infant smiling response to faces/interaction, not looking to caregiver for guidance.
D. Social referencing: social referencing is checking another person’s emotional reactions to decide how to behave in an ambiguous situation.
E. Mutual regulation: Mutual regulation refers to co-regulation of affect between infant and caregiver over time, broader than the immediate cue-seeking behavior described.

A. They are likely to be gay or lesbian adults: Research does not support the claim that parental sexual orientation determines a child’s sexual orientation.
B. They are less likely to be popular with their peers than children adopted by heterosexual parents: Empirical studies generally find no consistent peer-popularity disadvantage attributable to parents’ sexual orientation.
C. They are more likely to be depressed than their peers: Research indicates no consistent higher rates of depression solely due to having gay or lesbian parents.
D. They are no more likely to have behavioral problems than children raised by heterosexual parents: Numerous studies find comparable behavioral and psychological outcomes for children of gay/lesbian and heterosexual parents when other factors are controlled.
E. They are likely to have lower levels of academic achievement than children adopted by heterosexual parents: There is no robust evidence that parental sexual orientation per se predicts lower academic achievement.