Which of the following statements is MOST accurate concerning metabolism?
Metabolism is the digestion of nutrients to release energy.
Metabolism is the assembly of small molecules into macromolecules.
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions of a cell (or organism), both anabolic and catabolic.
Metabolism is the production and expenditure of chemical energy.
Metabolism is the assembly of macromolecules into cellular structures.
The Correct Answer is C
A. Metabolism is the digestion of nutrients to release energy:
Digestion and energy release (catabolism) are parts of metabolism, but this statement omits the biosynthetic (anabolic) reactions that are also included.
B. Metabolism is the assembly of small molecules into macromolecules:
Assembly of small molecules (anabolism) is part of metabolism, but this statement excludes catabolic reactions that break down molecules.
C. Metabolism is all the chemical reactions of a cell (or organism), both anabolic and catabolic:
Metabolism encompasses both pathways that build molecules (anabolism) and pathways that break them down to release energy (catabolism), so this definition is comprehensive.
D. Metabolism is the production and expenditure of chemical energy:
Production and use of chemical energy are central aspects of metabolism but do not fully describe the wide variety of metabolic chemical transformations.
E. Metabolism is the assembly of macromolecules into cellular structures:
Assembly of macromolecules into structures (e.g., ribosomes, membranes) may occur, but metabolism more broadly includes many other chemical reactions beyond structural assembly.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Dry heat: Dry heat at sufficiently high temperature and long exposure (for example, 160–170 °C for prolonged periods) can destroy endospores by oxidizing cellular components, though it requires more time than moist heat.
B. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers: Alcohols are effective against many vegetative bacteria and some viruses but do not reliably destroy bacterial endospores.
C. Steam under pressure (autoclave): Autoclaving uses moist heat at high pressure and temperature (typically 121 °C at 15 psi) to reliably inactivate endospores by denaturing proteins and nucleic acids.
D. Boiling in water for 10 minutes: Boiling kills many vegetative organisms but does not reliably inactivate heat-resistant endospores within that time frame.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Aerobe: An aerobe requires oxygen for growth or grows optimally in the presence of oxygen; this does not indicate tolerance for oxygen-free conditions.
B. Obligate aerobe: An obligate aerobe requires oxygen and cannot grow in oxygen-free environments.
C. Facultative anaerobe: A facultative anaerobe can grow in the presence of oxygen (using aerobic respiration) and also grow without oxygen (by fermentation or anaerobic respiration), making it able to exist in both conditions.
D. Microaerophile: A microaerophile requires oxygen at lower-than-atmospheric concentrations and generally does not grow in oxygen-free environments.
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