Which statement best describes bacteriophages?
Bacteriophages infect eukaryotic cells and replicate only through budding
Bacteriophages are free-living organisms capable of independent metabolism
Bacteriophages infect fungi and reproduce by spore formation
Bacteriophages infect bacteria and may undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles
Bacteriophages are intracellular parasites that lack nucleic acid
The Correct Answer is D
A. Bacteriophages infect eukaryotic cells and replicate only through budding: Bacteriophages specifically infect prokaryotic cells, particularly bacteria, not eukaryotic cells. Budding is a replication and release mechanism typical of some enveloped animal viruses, not bacteriophages. Phages typically assemble inside bacteria and are released by lysis.
B. Bacteriophages are free-living organisms capable of independent metabolism: Bacteriophages are obligate intracellular parasites and lack the cellular machinery necessary for independent metabolism. They depend entirely on the host bacterium’s ribosomes, enzymes, and energy sources to replicate.
C. Bacteriophages infect fungi and reproduce by spore formation: Fungi are eukaryotic organisms and are not hosts for bacteriophages. Spore formation is a reproductive strategy of fungi and some bacteria, not viruses. Phages replicate through lytic or lysogenic mechanisms within bacterial cells.
D. Bacteriophages infect bacteria and may undergo lytic or lysogenic cycles: Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect bacterial cells. After infection, they may immediately replicate and lyse the host (lytic cycle) or integrate their genetic material into the host genome as a prophage (lysogenic cycle). This dual capability defines many temperate phages.
E. Bacteriophages are intracellular parasites that lack nucleic acid: All viruses, including bacteriophages, contain nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) as their genetic material. The nucleic acid is enclosed within a protein capsid and is essential for viral replication within the host.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The COVID-19 virus, scientifically known as SARS-CoV-2, is an RNA virus, not a DNA virus. Its genetic material consists of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, which serves as a template for viral replication and protein synthesis inside host cells. RNA viruses generally have higher mutation rates than DNA viruses due to the lack of proofreading mechanisms during replication. Understanding the RNA-based genome of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for developing diagnostic tests, vaccines, and antiviral therapies. Classifying it correctly as an RNA virus also distinguishes it from DNA viruses, which replicate using DNA as their genetic material and follow different replication strategies.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Chloroplasts generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and contain cristae: Cristae are infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane, not chloroplasts. Mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration. While chloroplasts do produce ATP, they do so via photophosphorylation during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, using thylakoid membranes rather than cristae.
B. Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis and contain thylakoids arranged into grana: Chloroplasts are double-membraned organelles found in plant and algal cells. Their internal thylakoid membranes are stacked into grana, which house chlorophyll and other pigments that capture light energy. This energy drives the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, with ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent reactions.
C. Chloroplasts store genetic material and regulate cell division: While chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes, their primary function is energy conversion rather than regulating cell division. Chloroplast DNA allows them to encode some proteins needed for photosynthesis, but cell division regulation is controlled by the nucleus and associated signaling pathways.
D. Chloroplasts synthesize proteins and contain ribosomal subunits: Chloroplasts have ribosomes that enable them to translate certain proteins encoded by their own genome, primarily for photosynthetic machinery. Protein synthesis is a secondary function; the main role of chloroplasts is capture of light energy and conversion into chemical energy via photosynthesis.
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