Which structure is found in the dermis of the skin?

Rationale:

A. Decreased heart rate and blood pressure is incorrect. Pulmonary embolism (PE) typically causes tachycardia as a compensatory mechanism to maintain cardiac output in the face of impaired pulmonary circulation. Hypotension may occur in massive PE, but bradycardia is not a typical manifestation.

B. Chest pain that worsens with deep breaths is correct. Pleuritic chest pain is a hallmark symptom of PE. It occurs because the embolus obstructs pulmonary blood flow, leading to infarction or irritation of the pleura. The pain often intensifies with deep inspiration or coughing, and is frequently accompanied by dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, and sometimes hemoptysis. These signs reflect the acute pulmonary vascular obstruction and resultant ventilation-perfusion mismatch.

C. Increased appetite and weight gain is incorrect. These are nonspecific and unrelated to PE. Pulmonary embolism affects respiratory and cardiovascular function, not metabolic appetite regulation or short-term weight gain.

D. Fatigue and weakness is incorrect. While clients may feel general fatigue after prolonged hypoxia or illness, the acute, prominent manifestations of PE are respiratory distress, chest pain, and cardiovascular changes. Fatigue is not the most notable symptom in the acute setting.

Rationale:

A. Contact burn is correct. Contact burns occur when the skin comes into direct contact with a hot surface, such as metal, stoves, or heated objects. The severity depends on temperature and duration of contact.

B. Electrical burn is correct. Electrical burns result from exposure to electrical current, which can cause both external and internal tissue damage. The severity depends on the voltage, current type, and duration of exposure. These burns often affect deeper tissues than is visible on the skin.

C. Hypovolemic burn is incorrect. Hypovolemia is a complication of severe burns, not a type of burn. Hypovolemic shock can occur when extensive fluid loss from damaged skin leads to reduced circulating blood volume, but it does not classify the burn itself.

D. Thermal burn is correct. Thermal burns are caused by heat sources such as fire, hot liquids, steam, or flames, resulting in direct damage to skin and underlying tissues. These are among the most common types of burns.

E. Chemical burn is correct. Chemical burns occur when the skin or mucous membranes come into contact with strong acids, alkalis, or other corrosive substances, leading to tissue destruction. The severity depends on the concentration, duration, and type of chemical.