Which type of anemia is caused by poor nutrition?
Folate-deficiency anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Pernicious anemia
Iron-deficiency anemia
The Correct Answer is D
Rationale:
A. Folate-deficiency anemia arises from insufficient folate (vitamin B9), which is necessary for DNA synthesis and red blood cell production. While inadequate folate intake can contribute, this type of anemia is more often associated with malabsorption syndromes, alcoholism, certain medications (like methotrexate), or increased requirements during pregnancy, rather than general poor nutrition in the population at large.
B. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder caused by a mutation in the beta-globin gene, producing hemoglobin S. This mutation causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to hemolysis and vascular occlusion. Nutritional deficiencies do not cause sickle cell anemia, though adequate nutrition can help manage complications.
C. Pernicious anemia is caused by a vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by gastric parietal cells that is required for B12 absorption. While dietary B12 intake can influence this condition, the primary defect is impaired absorption, not dietary insufficiency.
D. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional anemia worldwide, resulting from inadequate iron intake, chronic blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), or increased requirements (such as during pregnancy or growth spurts). Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport. Without sufficient iron, the body produces small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic) red blood cells, which cannot carry oxygen efficiently. This leads to hallmark symptoms such as fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath, dizziness, and decreased exercise tolerance. Iron-deficiency anemia is directly linked to dietary insufficiency and can be prevented or treated with iron-rich foods (e.g., red meat, leafy greens, legumes) and iron supplementation when necessary.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Hypothalamus and pituitary are involved in autonomic and endocrine regulation, such as temperature control, hormone secretion, and homeostasis. While the hypothalamus can influence respiratory rate indirectly through stress or temperature changes, it does not serve as the primary control center for breathing.
B. Medulla and pons are the primary control centers for respiration. The medulla oblongata contains the dorsal respiratory group (DRG), which initiates inspiration by sending impulses to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, and the ventral respiratory group (VRG), which regulates forced inspiration and expiration. The pons contains the pontine respiratory group, including the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers, which fine-tune the rate and depth of breathing, coordinating smooth transitions between inhalation and exhalation. These centers respond to chemical signals (like CO₂, O₂, and pH levels) detected by central and peripheral chemoreceptors, making the medulla and pons essential for maintaining automatic, rhythmic breathing.
C. Frontal cortex and occipital lobe are parts of the cerebral cortex responsible for voluntary movements, cognitive functions, and visual processing, respectively. While the frontal cortex can exert voluntary control over breathing (e.g., holding one’s breath), it is not the primary center responsible for automatic respiratory regulation.
D. Cerebellum and corpus callosum are involved in motor coordination, balance, and interhemispheric communication. They do not control the basic rhythmic pattern of respiration or respond directly to blood gas changes.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Rationale:
A. Decreased range of motion in the affected limb is correct. Contractures are permanent shortening of muscles, tendons, or ligaments that often develop after burn injuries, particularly when deep partial-thickness or full-thickness burns heal with significant scar tissue formation. As scar tissue forms and contracts, it limits joint mobility, leading to restricted range of motion, functional impairment, and deformity. Early recognition and intervention, such as physical therapy, splinting, and proper positioning, are essential to prevent or minimize contractures.
B. Increased muscle strength in the affected limb is incorrect. Contractures result in limited movement and stiffness, not enhanced muscle strength. An increase in strength would suggest recovery and rehabilitation rather than a complication of scarring.
C. Improved flexibility and joint movement is incorrect. Contractures reduce flexibility and impede joint movement. Improved flexibility would indicate successful healing and rehabilitation, not the development of a contracture.
D. Swelling and redness around the burn area is incorrect. While swelling and erythema may occur during the acute inflammatory phase of burn healing, they do not specifically indicate contracture formation. Contractures develop over time as scar tissue matures and tightens, rather than during initial inflammation.
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