A 36-year-old man with a 7-year history of heavy alcohol consumption presents with suspected acute pancreatitis. What is the pathophysiology of this disease process?
Impaired lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs)
Exocrine cell destruction by infiltrating inflammatory cells
Defects in the epithelial barrier, immune response, leukocyte recruitment, and microflora of the colon
Colonic wall structure, colonic motility, diet, fiber intake, obesity and physical activity, and genetic predisposition
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: Impaired LES function and TLESRs are associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), not pancreatitis. These mechanisms involve esophageal sphincter relaxation and acid reflux, which are unrelated to pancreatic inflammation.
Choice B reason: Acute pancreatitis involves autodigestion of pancreatic tissue due to premature activation of pancreatic enzymes. This leads to exocrine cell destruction and infiltration by inflammatory cells, resulting in edema, necrosis, and systemic inflammatory response. Alcohol is a major etiologic factor that disrupts acinar cell function and promotes enzyme activation within the pancreas.
Choice C reason: These mechanisms are characteristic of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. They involve mucosal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation in the colon, not the pancreas.
Choice D reason: This describes multifactorial contributors to diverticular disease and irritable bowel syndrome. While relevant to colonic health, these factors do not explain the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Beneficence is the ethical principle that emphasizes actions that promote the well-being of others. In nursing, it involves actively doing good, preventing harm, and contributing to the health and welfare of patients. It is foundational to ethical practice and guides interventions that aim to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Choice B reason: Justice refers to fairness and equality in the distribution of resources and treatment. It ensures that patients receive equitable care regardless of background or circumstances. While important, it does not specifically address the act of doing good or promoting well-being.
Choice C reason: Nonmaleficence is the principle of "do no harm." It focuses on avoiding actions that could cause injury or suffering. Although closely related to beneficence, it is more about restraint from harmful actions rather than actively doing good.
Choice D reason: Fidelity involves loyalty, faithfulness, and keeping promises. It pertains to maintaining trust in the nurse-patient relationship and upholding professional commitments. While essential to ethical practice, it does not directly relate to promoting well-being.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Nausea and vomiting are common in both opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal. They are nonspecific symptoms and do not help differentiate between the two conditions.
Choice B reason: Frequent yawning is a hallmark symptom of opioid withdrawal and is not typically seen in benzodiazepine withdrawal. It is a distinctive autonomic sign that can help clinicians identify opioid withdrawal.
Choice C reason: Restlessness and agitation are seen in both types of withdrawal. While they are important clinical features, they do not help distinguish between opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal.
Choice D reason: Anxiety is a prominent symptom in benzodiazepine withdrawal and can also occur in opioid withdrawal. However, it is more characteristic of benzodiazepine withdrawal and does not serve as a distinguishing feature.
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