A 65-year-old man with emphysema and bronchitis has come to the clinic for a follow-up appointment.
On assessment the nurse might expect to see which finding?

Choice A rationale

Glaucoma is characterized by increased intraocular pressure that can lead to optic nerve damage and peripheral vision loss. It does not typically cause central vision loss or the presence of a large black spot in the center of vision.

Choice B rationale

A detached retina often causes the sudden appearance of floaters or flashes of light, and a shadow or curtain effect in the peripheral vision. It does not typically present as a black spot in the center of vision.

Choice C rationale

Macular degeneration is an age-related condition that affects the central part of the retina (macula). It leads to central vision loss, which can manifest as a black or dark spot in the center of vision. This condition progressively impairs the ability to see fine details and perform activities like reading or recognizing faces.

Choice D rationale

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina. It can cause vision changes, such as floaters or blurred vision, but it does not typically present as a large black spot in the center of vision.

Choice A rationale

Flatness is the percussion sound typically heard over muscles and solid tissues. It is characterized by a high-pitched, soft sound, which indicates that the underlying tissue is denser and less air-filled compared to lungs.

Choice B rationale

Dullness is heard over solid organs such as the liver or spleen but not typically over muscles.

Choice C rationale

Tympany is a drum-like sound heard over areas filled with gas, such as the stomach or intestines.

Choice D rationale

Resonance is heard over air-filled lungs and not over muscles and solid tissues.