A 9-year-old boy is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Which stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is the nurse addressing when teaching this client about insulin injections?

Choice A reason: Careful bathing and handling that avoids abdominal manipulation is the best intervention that the nurse can implement during the preoperative period. This is because Wilms' tumor is a rare kidney cancer that mainly affects children and can rupture or spread if touched or pressed. The nurse should avoid any unnecessary pressure on the abdomen and use gentle movements when bathing and handling the infant.

Choice B reason: Administering pain medication based on the FACES pain scale is not the best intervention that the nurse can implement during the preoperative period. This is because the FACES pain scale is a tool that helps children aged 3 and older to communicate their pain level by pointing to a face that matches their pain. However, the infant in this scenario is too young to use this scale and may not be able to express their pain verbally. The nurse should use other methods to assess the infant's pain, such as observing their behavior, vital signs and facial expressions.

Choice C reason: Including the prone position in the every 2 hour turning schedule is not the best intervention that the nurse can implement during the preoperative period. This is because the prone position, which is lying on the stomach, can increase the risk of rupture or spread of the tumor. The nurse should avoid placing the infant in this position and instead use other positions that are comfortable and safe for the infant.

Choice D reason: Giving antiemetic medications to prevent nausea and vomiting is not the best intervention that the nurse can implement during the preoperative period. This is because antiemetic medications are drugs that prevent or treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery. However, the infant in this scenario has not yet undergone any of these treatments and may not have any symptoms of nausea and vomiting. The nurse should only give antiemetic medications if the infant shows signs of nausea and vomiting or if prescribed by the doctor.

Choice A reason: Instructing the mother to feed the infant nothing for 30 minutes after giving the iron drops is not a correct intervention. It may cause the infant to become hungry, fussy, or dehydrated. It may also interfere with the absorption of iron, as food can enhance the bioavailability of iron in the body.

Choice B reason: Suggesting placing the iron drops in the orange juice and then feeding the infant is not a correct intervention. It may alter the taste and color of the orange juice, making it less palatable for the infant. It may also reduce the potency of the iron drops, as iron can react with the citric acid and vitamin C in the orange juice and form insoluble complexes.

Choice C reason: Telling the mother to follow the iron drops with infant formula instead of orange juice is not a correct intervention. It may decrease the absorption of iron, as calcium and casein in the infant formula can bind with iron and form insoluble complexes. It may also increase the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, such as constipation, nausea, or vomiting.

Choice D reason: Giving the mother positive feedback about the way she administered the medication is a correct intervention. It reinforces the mother's behavior and encourages her to continue giving the iron drops as prescribed. It also acknowledges the mother's efforts and shows respect and appreciation. Following the iron drops with orange juice is a good practice, as vitamin C in the orange juice can enhance the absorption of iron in the body.