A client in labor is agitated and nervous about the birth of her child. The nurse explains to the client that fear and anxiety cause the release of certain compounds that can prolong labor. The nurse is referring to which compounds?

Choice A rationale

Fetal lung maturity is typically assessed using amniocentesis or lecithin-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio. Normal L/S ratio is 2: or greater.

Choice B rationale

Rh incompatibility is assessed using indirect Coombs test, not maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Normal Coombs test is negative.

Choice C rationale

Various markers of fetal well-being are assessed using biophysical profile or non-stress test, not maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Normal biophysical profile score is 8-10.

Choice D rationale

Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is a screening test for neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Normal alpha-fetoprotein levels range from 10-150 ng/mL.

Choice A rationale: Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) assesses the amniotic fluid volume, an important indicator of fetal well-being. Normal AFI ranges from 5 to 24 cm. Abnormal levels may indicate potential complications such as oligohydramnios or polyhydramnios.

Choice B rationale: Fetal breathing movements are a key component of the biophysical profile, reflecting fetal central nervous system integrity. Typically observed for at least 30 seconds in a 30-minute period, absence may suggest hypoxia or CNS issues.

Choice C rationale: Fetal weight is not included in the BPP as it does not directly measure acute fetal well-being. It is assessed through ultrasound for growth monitoring and determining if the fetus is appropriate for gestational age.

Choice D rationale: Fetal tone evaluates fetal central nervous system function by observing limb or trunk movements. Normal tone includes flexion and extension movements, while decreased tone may indicate hypoxia or CNS dysfunction.

Choice E rationale: Non-Stress Test (NST) measures fetal heart rate accelerations in response to fetal movements. A reactive NST indicates fetal well-being, with at least two accelerations within 20 minutes, while a non-reactive NST may require further evaluation.

Choice F rationale: Fetal movement assessment involves counting gross body movements over a specified period. At least three movements in 30 minutes are considered normal, reflecting fetal CNS integrity. Decreased movement may indicate compromised fetal health.