A nurse is administering albumin to a client who has hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage. The nurse understands that albumin is which of the following types of solutions?

Crystalloid.

Colloid.

Hypertonic.

Hypotonic.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Choice A reason:

Crystalloid solutions are fluids that contain electrolytes and can diffuse across semipermeable membranes. They are used to treat dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and hypovolemia. However, they are not as effective as colloids in expanding the intravascular volume and maintaining the blood pressure. Therefore, choice A is incorrect.

Choice B reason:

Colloid solutions are fluids that contain large molecules such as proteins, starches, or gelatin that cannot cross the capillary membrane. They exert an osmotic pressure that draws fluid from the interstitial and intracellular spaces into the intravascular space. They are used to treat hypovolemic shock, burns, and hemorrhage. Albumin is a type of colloid solution that is derived from human plasma and contains 5% or 25% protein. It increases the plasma volume and the blood pressure by increasing the oncotic pressure. Therefore, choice B is correct.

Choice C reason:

Hypertonic solutions are fluids that have a higher osmolarity than the blood plasma. They draw water out of the cells and into the intravascular space. They are used to treat hyponatremia, cerebral edema, and severe dehydration. However, they can cause fluid overload, hypertension, and cellular dehydration if given in excess. Therefore, choice C is incorrect.

Choice D reason:

Hypotonic solutions are fluids that have a lower osmolarity than the blood plasma. They provide free water and electrolytes to the cells and the interstitial space. They are used to treat hypernatremia, cellular dehydration, and fluid loss due to burns or diuresis. However, they can cause fluid shifts from the intravascular space to the interstitial and intracellular spaces, resulting in hypovolemia, hypotension, and edema. Therefore, choice D is incorrect.

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Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]

Explanation

Choice A reason:

Jugular vein distension is a sign of fluid overload because it indicates increased pressure in the right atrium and superior vena cava due to excess blood volume.

Choice B reason:

Weight gain of 2 kg in one day is a sign of fluid overload because it reflects fluid retention in the body. A weight gain of 1 kg (2.2 lb) is equivalent to 1 L of fluid.

Choice C reason:

Decreased hematocrit is a sign of fluid overload because it indicates hemodilution or dilution of the blood due to excess fluid in the intravascular space.

Choice D reason:

Bounding pulse is a sign of fluid overload because it reflects increased cardiac output and stroke volume due to excess blood volume.

Choice E reason:

Flat neck veins are not a sign of fluid overload, but rather a sign of fluid deficit or dehydration. In fluid overload, neck veins will be distended or elevated.

A. Decreased thirst. B. Increased urine output. C. Decreased serum sodium level. D. Increased level of consciousness. E. Decreased edema.

Correct Answer is ["A","B","C","D"]

Explanation

Choice A reason:

Decreased thirst. This is a sign of improvement because hypernatremia causes increased thirst due to high sodium levels in the blood. Decreased thirst indicates that the fluid therapy has restored the normal balance of sodium and water in the body.

Choice B reason:

Increased urine output. This is a sign of improvement because hypernatremia can cause decreased urine output due to dehydration or kidney dysfunction. Increased urine output indicates that the fluid therapy has replenished the body's water and helped the kidneys excrete excess sodium.

Choice C reason:

Decreased serum sodium level. This is a sign of improvement because hypernatremia is defined as a serum sodium level higher than 145 mEq/L. Decreased serum sodium level indicates that the fluid therapy has diluted the blood and lowered the sodium concentration to within the normal range.

Choice D reason:

Increased level of consciousness. This is a sign of improvement because hypernatremia can cause confusion, lethargy, or coma due to the effects of high sodium levels on the brain. Increased level of consciousness indicates that the fluid therapy has improved the brain function and reduced the risk of brain injury.

Choice E reason:

Decreased edema. This is not a sign of improvement because hypernatremia does not cause edema, which is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces. Edema is more likely to occur in conditions such as hypervolemia (excess fluid volume) or hyponatremia (low sodium levels) Decreased edema may indicate that the fluid therapy has caused fluid overload or electrolyte imbalance, which can be harmful.

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A nurse is administering albumin to a client who has hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage. The nurse understands that albumin is which of the following types of solutions?

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Explanation

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Explanation

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