A nurse is assessing a client who has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as an indication of a microvascular complication?

Coronary artery disease

Retinopathy

Cerebrovascular accident

Hypertension

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

Rationale:
A. Coronary artery disease: This is a macrovascular complication of diabetes caused by atherosclerosis affecting large blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart and increased risk of myocardial infarction. It does not involve small vessel damage.

B. Retinopathy: Diabetic retinopathy is a classic microvascular complication resulting from damage to the small blood vessels of the retina due to chronic hyperglycemia. Over time, it can lead to vision impairment and blindness if not managed appropriately.

C. Cerebrovascular accident: A stroke is considered a macrovascular complication involving large arteries that supply the brain. Diabetes increases the risk through mechanisms such as endothelial dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis.

D. Hypertension: Hypertension is a common comorbidity in people with diabetes and contributes to both micro- and macrovascular complications, but it is not itself classified as a direct microvascular complication of diabetes.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Rationale:
A. Oral temperature of 37.2° C (99° F): This is a normal postoperative temperature and does not indicate infection or any other complication. Mild elevations in temperature are expected after surgery.

B. Clear drainage on the dressings: Clear drainage, particularly if it is watery and not tinged with blood, may indicate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. This is a serious complication of spinal surgery and requires immediate evaluation to prevent infection and further neurological issues.

C. Drain output 75 mL in 4 hr: This amount of drainage is within normal limits for the early postoperative period, depending on the surgeon's parameters. It is not inherently concerning unless it becomes excessive or has abnormal characteristics.

D. Decreased bowel sounds in all quadrants of the abdomen: Decreased bowel activity is common after surgery due to anesthesia and immobility. It is expected in the immediate postoperative period and not necessarily a sign of a complication unless prolonged.

A. Asthma B. Diabetes mellitus C. Pernicious anemia D. Osteoporosis

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Asthma: Asthma affects the respiratory system and does not have a direct link to urinary tract infections. It does not alter urinary tract anatomy or immune defenses specific to the urinary system.

B. Diabetes mellitus: Clients with diabetes are at increased risk for UTIs due to immune suppression, glucosuria that promotes bacterial growth, and possible bladder dysfunction (e.g., urinary retention) from diabetic neuropathy. Poor glycemic control further raises infection susceptibility.

C. Pernicious anemia: This condition is related to vitamin B12 deficiency and affects red blood cell production and neurological function, but it does not specifically predispose clients to UTIs.

D. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis involves reduced bone density and is not associated with urinary tract infections. It does not impact the urinary or immune systems directly.

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A nurse is assessing a client who has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nurse should identify which of the following findings as an indication of a microvascular complication?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Explanation

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