A nurse is assessing a client who has a prescription for oral albuterol for the long-term management of asthma.
For which of the following adverse effects should the nurse monitor?

Choice A rationale

Gingival hyperplasia is an overgrowth of gum tissue, often associated with certain medications like phenytoin or cyclosporine. It is caused by an increase in the number of fibroblasts and collagen deposition in the gingiva. Haloperidol, an antipsychotic, primarily affects dopamine receptors in the brain and does not cause gingival hyperplasia.

Choice B rationale

Haloperidol is a first-generation antipsychotic that blocks D2 dopamine receptors in the brain. This blockade, particularly in the nigrostriatal pathway, can lead to extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as acute dystonia, parkinsonism (including muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and tremor), and akathisia. Muscle rigidity is a common manifestation of drug-induced parkinsonism.

Choice C rationale

Polyuria is the excessive production of urine, often a symptom of diabetes mellitus or insipidus. It results from impaired water reabsorption in the kidneys. While some medications can affect fluid balance, haloperidol's primary pharmacological action on dopamine receptors does not directly induce polyuria as a typical adverse effect.

Choice D rationale

Bruising, or ecchymosis, results from bleeding under the skin, often due to trauma or coagulation disorders. It is caused by extravasation of blood from capillaries into surrounding tissues. Haloperidol does not affect coagulation factors or platelet function and is not associated with increased bruising as a direct adverse effect.

Choice A rationale

Constipation is a very common and expected adverse effect of codeine due to its opioid effects on gastrointestinal motility, specifically by decreasing propulsive contractions. While it requires management, it is generally not the highest priority unless it leads to severe complications like impaction, making other acute symptoms more immediately concerning. Normal bowel frequency varies but ranges from three times daily to three times weekly.

Choice B rationale

Dry mouth, or xerostomia, is a common anticholinergic-like effect of opioid medications like codeine. While uncomfortable, it is typically a mild, non-life-threatening side effect. It can be managed with hydration and oral hygiene measures and does not represent an acute physiological threat requiring immediate reporting as a priority.

Choice C rationale

Agitation, especially in the context of opioid use, can be a sign of central nervous system excitation or an idiosyncratic reaction. It can indicate a paradoxical effect of the medication or an emerging adverse event that could escalate to more serious neurological complications, such as seizures or respiratory compromise if not promptly addressed.

Choice D rationale

Urinary retention is a known adverse effect of opioids due to their effect on bladder detrusor muscle tone and sphincter function. While it is important to monitor and manage, potentially requiring catheterization, it is generally not as immediately life-threatening as signs of central nervous system instability or respiratory compromise, making agitation a higher priority in the acute setting.