A nurse is providing teaching to a client about proper administration of a medication regarding meals.
The nurse should instruct the client that the presence of food will alter the rate of which of the following pharmacokinetic processes?
Distribution.
Metabolism.
Excretion.
Absorption.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A rationale
Distribution refers to the reversible movement of a drug from the systemic circulation to the body's tissues. While food can indirectly influence distribution by altering blood flow or protein binding, its primary and most direct impact on drug pharmacokinetics is not typically on the distribution phase itself.
Choice B rationale
Metabolism, primarily occurring in the liver, involves the biochemical modification of drugs. While some foods can induce or inhibit metabolic enzymes, the direct and immediate effect of the presence of food at the time of administration is typically not on the rate of drug metabolism but rather on the initial entry into the systemic circulation.
Choice C rationale
Excretion is the elimination of drugs from the body, mainly through the kidneys. Food generally does not directly influence the rate of drug excretion, which is primarily dependent on renal function, glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and reabsorption processes.
Choice D rationale
Absorption is the process by which a drug moves from its site of administration into the bloodstream. The presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract can significantly alter the rate and extent of oral drug absorption by affecting gastric emptying time, pH, drug solubility, and interaction with food components.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Dry mouth can be an anticholinergic effect of some medications or a symptom of dehydration, but it is not a direct, priority adverse effect associated with ketorolac, which is an NSAID. While uncomfortable, it does not indicate immediate life-threatening organ dysfunction.
Choice B rationale
Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, which can lead to adverse renal effects. Prostaglandins play a crucial role in maintaining renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Oliguria (urine output < 0.5 mL/kg/hr or < 400 mL/24 hr) indicates potential acute kidney injury, a serious and life-threatening complication that requires immediate reporting to the provider.
Choice C rationale
Nausea is a common gastrointestinal adverse effect of NSAIDs, including ketorolac, due to direct irritation of the gastric mucosa or central effects. While it can cause discomfort and impact client well-being, it is generally not a life-threatening symptom and does not take priority over signs of organ damage.
Choice D rationale
Altered taste, or dysgeusia, can be an idiosyncratic drug reaction but is not a common or priority adverse effect of ketorolac. While it can affect appetite and client satisfaction, it does not signify acute organ damage or a life-threatening condition requiring urgent intervention.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A rationale
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid-induced respiratory and central nervous system depression. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine, not an opioid. Therefore, naloxone would not be effective in reversing the adverse effects of midazolam. Its mechanism of action specifically targets opioid receptors.
Choice B rationale
Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. It specifically binds to benzodiazepine receptors, competitively inhibiting the effects of benzodiazepines like midazolam. In cases of benzodiazepine overdose or excessive sedation leading to adverse effects such as hypotension, flumazenil can rapidly reverse these central nervous system depressant effects.
Choice C rationale
Moxifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is used to treat bacterial infections and has no pharmacological action that would counteract the effects of benzodiazepines or specifically address drug-induced hypotension during a procedure like a colonoscopy. Administering an antibiotic in this scenario would be inappropriate.
Choice D rationale
Fludrocortisone is a mineralocorticoid used primarily for its effects on electrolyte and fluid balance, often in conditions like Addison's disease or orthostatic hypotension. It would not be an appropriate choice for rapidly reversing acute drug-induced hypotension caused by midazolam during a medical procedure. Its action is not immediate.
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