A nurse is assessing a client who has Parkinson's disease (PD). Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)

Resting tremor

Muscle rigidity

Bradykinesia

Postural instability

Nuchal rigidity

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,C,D

Choice A reason:

This is a correct answer. Resting tremor is a common symptom of PD, which occurs when the affected limb or body part shakes involuntarily at rest and stops with voluntary movement or sleep. Resting tremor usually affects one side of the body first and then progresses to both sides. It typically involves the hand, arm, leg, jaw, or tongue.

Choice B reason:

This is a correct answer. Muscle rigidity is another common symptom of PD, which occurs when there is increased resistance to passive movement of the joints due to sustained muscle contraction. Muscle rigidity can cause stiffness, pain, reduced range of motion, and difficulty initiating movement.

Choice C reason:

This is a correct answer. Bradykinesia is another common symptom of PD, which occurs when there is slowness or paucity of movement due to impaired initiation or execution of movement. Bradykinesia can affect various aspects of motor function, such as facial expression, speech, swallowing, gait, writing, dressing, and self-care.

Choice D reason:

This is a correct answer. Postural instability is another common symptom of PD, which occurs when there is impaired balance or coordination due to reduced postural reflexes or sensory feedback. Postural instability can cause falls, difficulty turning or changing direction, stooped posture, shuffling steps, or freezing episodes.

Choice E reason:

This is an incorrect answer. Nuchal rigidity is not a common symptom of PD, but rather a sign of meningitis or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Nuchal rigidity occurs when there is stiffness or pain in the neck when flexing or extending it due to inflammation or irritation of the meninges or subarachnoid space.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

Choice A reason:

This is an incorrect answer. The caregiver does not need further teaching if they say that memantine will help reduce the amount of glutamate in their loved one's brain. Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that works by blocking the excessive stimulation of glutamate, which is a neurotransmitter that is involved in learning, memory, and cognition. Glutamate can be toxic to nerve cells if it accumulates in high levels in AD.

Choice B reason:

This is an incorrect answer. The caregiver does not need further teaching if they say that memantine will help improve their loved one's memory and attention span. Memantine can improve some aspects of cognitive function in clients who have moderate to severe AD by enhancing nerve communication and preventing nerve damage.

Choice C reason:

This is a correct answer. The caregiver needs further teaching if they say that memantine will help prevent their loved one from having seizures or hallucinations. This is not the purpose or effect of memantine, but rather anticonvulsants or antipsychotics, which are medications used to treat seizures or psychosis, respectively. Seizures or hallucinations are not common symptoms of AD, but rather complications that may occur in advanced stages of the disease.

Choice D reason:

This is an incorrect answer. The caregiver does not need further teaching if they say that memantine will help slow down the decline of their loved one's cognitive function. Memantine can slow down the progression of AD and delay the need for institutionalization by preserving some cognitive abilities and daily functioning.

A. "This medication will slow down the progression of your disease and improve your memory and thinking." B. "This medication will increase the level of dopamine in your brain and reduce your tremors and rigidity." C. "This medication will prevent the inflammation and swelling in your brain and reduce your headaches and confusion." D. "This medication will enhance the transmission of nerve impulses in your brain and improve your mood and behavior."

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason:

This is a correct answer. The nurse should explain to the client that donepezil is a cholinesterase inhibitor that works by increasing the level of acetylcholine in the brain, which is a neurotransmitter that is involved in memory, learning, and cognition. Donepezil can slow down the progression of AD and improve the client's memory and thinking abilities.

Choice B reason:

This is an incorrect answer. The nurse should not tell the client that donepezil will increase the level of dopamine in the brain and reduce their tremors and rigidity. This is not the mechanism or effect of donepezil, but rather levodopa or carbidopa, which are medications used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is caused by a deficiency of dopamine in the brain, which affects movement and cognition.

Choice C reason:

This is an incorrect answer. The nurse should not tell the client that donepezil will prevent the inflammation and swelling in their brain and reduce their headaches and confusion. This is not the mechanism or effect of donepezil, but rather corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are medications used to treat encephalitis or meningitis. Encephalitis or meningitis are inflammatory conditions of the brain or meninges that can be caused by various viruses or bacteria.

Choice D reason:

This is an incorrect answer. The nurse should not tell the client that donepezil will enhance the transmission of nerve impulses in their brain and improve their mood and behavior. This is not the mechanism or effect of donepezil, but rather antidepressants or mood stabilizers, which are medications used to treat depression or bipolar disorder. Depression or bipolar disorder are mood disorders that affect the levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine in the brain.

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A nurse is assessing a client who has Parkinson's disease (PD). Which of the following findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.)

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is evaluating the effectiveness of the education provided to a client who has Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their caregiver about the medication memantine. Which of the following statements by the caregiver indicates a need for further teaching?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A nurse is educating a client who has Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their caregiver about the medication donepezil. The client asks the nurse, "How will this medication help me?" How should the nurse respond?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

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