A nurse is assessing a patient who has mitral valve stenosis.
What symptoms should the nurse expect?

Choice A rationale:

Reflex incontinence is a type of urinary incontinence that occurs when the person has no control over urination. They’re unable to feel when their bladder is full and can’t control the process of emptying it. This is often due to a brain or spinal cord injury that disrupts communication between these organs. However, this condition does not necessarily indicate the need for catheterization in a client with paraplegia who is already on an intermittent urinary catheterization program.

Choice B rationale:

Urge incontinence, also known as overactive bladder, is characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine. This condition can be caused by various factors, including neurological disorders, bladder abnormalities, and certain medications. While it can be a challenge for individuals with paraplegia, it does not directly indicate the need for catheterization.

Choice C rationale:

Nocturnal enuresis, or bedwetting, is involuntary urination while asleep. It’s a common condition, especially in young children, but it can affect individuals of any age. In the context of a client with paraplegia, nocturnal enuresis could be a symptom of a larger issue, such as a urinary tract infection or bladder dysfunction, but it does not directly indicate the need for catheterization. Choice D rationale:

Suprapubic discomfort or pain in the area above the pubic bone could be a sign of bladder distension, which is a common complication in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Bladder distension can occur when the bladder becomes overly full and can’t empty, causing discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen. This is a clear indication for the need to catheterize the client.

Choice A rationale:

Spinach is one of the most nutrient-dense vegetables. Just 1 cup (190 grams) of frozen spinach packs 12% of the DV for potassium. It’s also loaded with other nutrients. The same serving of frozen spinach contains 127% of the DV for vitamin A, 857% for vitamin K, 58% for folate, and 37% for magnesium.

Choice B rationale:

Potatoes are a staple food and are high in potassium. They are a versatile and filling food that can be included in a variety of dishes. Potatoes are also a good source of vitamin C and dietary fiber.

Choice C rationale:

Bananas are known as potassium-rich foods. A medium banana contains around 9% of the DV for this mineral. Most people consider it the go-to food to increase their potassium intake. However, bananas are not the only good source of potassium.

Choice D rationale:

Apples are a healthy choice and provide some potassium, but they are not as high in potassium as the other choices. Therefore, while apples are a good part of a balanced diet, they would not be the first recommendation for someone needing to increase their potassium intake.