A nurse is caring for a 24-year-old client who has frequent premature atrial contractions seen on the cardiac monitor. The nurse understands that the client requires additional education when the client selects which of the following items for the breakfast tray?

A. Dopamine is primarily associated with other neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, not Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's disease, the focus is on changes related to beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles rather than alterations in dopamine levels.
B. Glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, play a role in the brain's immune response and support of neurons. In Alzheimer's disease, there is evidence of increased activation and proliferation of glial cells in response to neuroinflammation and the presence of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. This reactive gliosis is a secondary response to the underlying pathology.
C. Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in various brain functions, including memory and learning. In Alzheimer's disease, there is evidence of dysregulation in glutamate metabolism and

signaling pathways. This dysregulation can lead to excitotoxicity, which contributes to neuronal damage and cell death seen in the disease.
D. Neurofibrillary tangles are one of the hallmark pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. These tangles are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that accumulate inside neurons, disrupting their normal functioning and eventually leading to cell death. Neurofibrillary tangles, along with beta- amyloid plaques, contribute to the progressive cognitive decline observed in Alzheimer's disease.

A. PSA levels themselves do not indicate a gene mutation. Elevated PSA levels are primarily associated with prostate conditions rather than genetic mutations. While certain genetic mutations can predispose individuals to prostate cancer, PSA alone does not diagnose genetic mutations.
B. Elevated PSA levels can indicate the possibility of prostate cancer, but further testing is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Additional tests may include a digital rectal exam (DRE), imaging studies (such as ultrasound or MRI), and a prostate biopsy.
C. Elevated PSA levels can suggest prostate cancer, but they do not definitively diagnose it. Prostate cancer can only be confirmed through a biopsy that identifies cancerous cells in the prostate tissue.
D. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs in older men. While BPH can cause urinary symptoms similar to prostate cancer, elevated PSA levels are not typically associated with BPH alone. PSA elevation is more specific to prostate cancer but can also occur with other prostate conditions.