An older adult client who is having difficulty passing urine is found to have elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The nurse understands that this finding indicates which of the following?

The client has a harmful gene mutation which puts him at a higher risk for cancer in the future.

The client will need additional testing to determine if he has cancer.

The client has prostate cancer.

The client has benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A.   PSA levels themselves do not indicate a gene mutation. Elevated PSA levels are primarily associated with prostate conditions rather than genetic mutations. While certain genetic mutations can predispose individuals to prostate cancer, PSA alone does not diagnose genetic mutations.
B.   Elevated PSA levels can indicate the possibility of prostate cancer, but further testing is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Additional tests may include a digital rectal exam (DRE), imaging studies (such as ultrasound or MRI), and a prostate biopsy.
C.   Elevated PSA levels can suggest prostate cancer, but they do not definitively diagnose it. Prostate cancer can only be confirmed through a biopsy that identifies cancerous cells in the prostate tissue.
D.   BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs in older men. While BPH can cause urinary symptoms similar to prostate cancer, elevated PSA levels are not typically associated with BPH alone. PSA elevation is more specific to prostate cancer but can also occur with other prostate conditions.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. While GBS primarily affects peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord), it does not typically cause direct degeneration of nerves in the brainstem and spinal cord. Therefore, this option is not correct in the context of respiratory distress in GBS.
B. Pleural effusion caused by immobility: Pleural effusion, an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity around the lungs, is not a typical complication of GBS. It is more commonly associated with conditions such as heart failure, pneumonia, or malignancy, rather than directly with GBS.
C. In Guillain-Barre Syndrome, demyelination of nerves affects the transmission of signals from the brain to the muscles, including those responsible for respiration. As a result, respiratory muscles may become weak or paralyzed, leading to shallow breathing and respiratory distress.
D. While respiratory distress can occur in some neurological conditions due to autonomic dysfunction or secondary complications, such as aspiration pneumonia, bronchoconstriction and airway edema are not typical manifestations of GBS itself.

A. "Carbidopa crosses the blood-brain barrier where it is then converted to dopamine." B. "It may take weeks to begin seeing the effects of this medication." C. “You will remain on the same dosage of this medication for the rest of your life." D. "Levodopa protects carbidopa, preventing carbidopa from being broken down before it reaches the brain."

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Carbidopa itself does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Its primary role in Sinemet is to inhibit the peripheral breakdown of levodopa (the precursor of dopamine) into dopamine before it reaches the brain.
B. It is true that it may take a few weeks to see the full effects of this medication, as the body needs time to adjust to it.
C. Parkinson's disease is progressive, and as the disease advances, the dosage and frequency of levodopa with carbidopa may need to be adjusted to maintain symptom control. Over time, higher doses or additional medications may be required to manage symptoms effectively.
D. Levodopa does not protect Carbidopa; rather, Carbidopa protects Levodopa from early conversion to dopamine outside the brain, which would make it less effective.

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An older adult client who is having difficulty passing urine is found to have elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The nurse understands that this finding indicates which of the following?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is assessing a client who has Guillain-Barre Syndrome, and notes that the client's breathing is shallow and the client is short of breath. The nurse understands that that the client's respiratory distress is caused by which of the following?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A client with Parkinson's disease is started on Levodopa with Carbidopa (Sinemet). What should the nurse include in the patient teaching?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A nurse is providing education to a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and will begin using fluticasone by metered dose inhaler every 12 hours for maintenance. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

A nurse is caring for a 24-year-old client who has frequent premature atrial contractions seen on the cardiac monitor. The nurse understands that the client requires additional education when the client selects which of the following items for the breakfast tray?

A nurse on a telemetry unit receives change-of-shift report on four clients. Which of the following clients should the nurse assess first?

A nurse is assessing a client who has asthma. Which of the following areas should the nurse evaluate as the most reliable indicator of central cyanosis?

A nurse is caring for a client who has a diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). When reviewing the results of the client's peripheral blood smear, what would the nurse expect to find?

A client who is undergoing external beam radiation for prostate cancer has developed desquamation of the skin in the treatment area. Which of the following statements should the nurse plan to include for this patient? (Select all that apply.)

A client on a medical-surgical unit has been diagnosed with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. The nurse understands that in addition to supportive care, which treatment can be used within the first 2 weeks of symptom onset?