An older adult client who is having difficulty passing urine is found to have elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The nurse understands that this finding indicates which of the following?

The client has a harmful gene mutation which puts him at a higher risk for cancer in the future.

The client will need additional testing to determine if he has cancer.

The client has prostate cancer.

The client has benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A.   PSA levels themselves do not indicate a gene mutation. Elevated PSA levels are primarily associated with prostate conditions rather than genetic mutations. While certain genetic mutations can predispose individuals to prostate cancer, PSA alone does not diagnose genetic mutations.
B.   Elevated PSA levels can indicate the possibility of prostate cancer, but further testing is necessary to confirm the diagnosis. Additional tests may include a digital rectal exam (DRE), imaging studies (such as ultrasound or MRI), and a prostate biopsy.
C.   Elevated PSA levels can suggest prostate cancer, but they do not definitively diagnose it. Prostate cancer can only be confirmed through a biopsy that identifies cancerous cells in the prostate tissue.
D.   BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs in older men. While BPH can cause urinary symptoms similar to prostate cancer, elevated PSA levels are not typically associated with BPH alone. PSA elevation is more specific to prostate cancer but can also occur with other prostate conditions.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. This symptom is consistent with orthopnea, which is common in left-sided heart failure rather than right-sided heart failure. In orthopnea, patients experience shortness of breath when lying flat because fluid accumulates in the lungs due to impaired left ventricular function.
B. Pink-tinged or blood-tinged sputum, known as hemoptysis, can occur in left-sided heart failure due to pulmonary congestion and elevated pressures in the pulmonary circulation. This symptom is not typically associated with right-sided heart failure.
C. This finding suggests pulmonary congestion, which is more indicative of left-sided heart failure. In left- sided heart failure, fluid backs up into the lungs, leading to crackles or rales on auscultation.
D. This statement is consistent with right-sided heart failure. In right-sided heart failure, the right ventricle fails to effectively pump blood into the pulmonary circulation, causing fluid to back up into the venous system. This can lead to peripheral edema (such as in the legs and abdomen) and abdominal distension due to ascites (fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity).

A. Degeneration of nerves in the brainstem and spinal cord. B. Pleural effusion caused by immobility. C. Demyelination of nerves that stimulate the respiratory muscles. D. Bronchoconstriction and edema of the airways.

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A. While GBS primarily affects peripheral nerves (nerves outside the brain and spinal cord), it does not typically cause direct degeneration of nerves in the brainstem and spinal cord. Therefore, this option is not correct in the context of respiratory distress in GBS.
B. Pleural effusion caused by immobility: Pleural effusion, an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity around the lungs, is not a typical complication of GBS. It is more commonly associated with conditions such as heart failure, pneumonia, or malignancy, rather than directly with GBS.
C. In Guillain-Barre Syndrome, demyelination of nerves affects the transmission of signals from the brain to the muscles, including those responsible for respiration. As a result, respiratory muscles may become weak or paralyzed, leading to shallow breathing and respiratory distress.
D. While respiratory distress can occur in some neurological conditions due to autonomic dysfunction or secondary complications, such as aspiration pneumonia, bronchoconstriction and airway edema are not typical manifestations of GBS itself.

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An older adult client who is having difficulty passing urine is found to have elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The nurse understands that this finding indicates which of the following?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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Explanation

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