A nurse is caring for a client who has a benign neoplasm of the thyroid gland. The nurse understands that this type of neoplasm has which of the following characteristics? (Select all that apply.)

Choice B reason:

Dietary factors are important risk factors for colon cancer, as they can affect the composition and metabolism of the intestinal flora and the production of carcinogens or protective substances in the colon. Red meat, processed meat, and high-fat foods can increase the risk of colon cancer by increasing the production of heterocyclic amines, nitrosamines, or bile acids that can damage the colonic mucosa and promote tumor growth.

Choice A reason:

"You should have a colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50 to screen for colon cancer." This statement is not correct for a client who has a family history of colon cancer, as they have a higher risk of developing the disease than the general population. They should have a colonoscopy every 5 years starting at age 40 or 10 years earlier than the age at which their relative was diagnosed with colon cancer.

Choice C reason:

"You should take aspirin daily to prevent inflammation and polyp formation in your colon." This statement is not correct for a client who has a family history of colon cancer, as they may have other medical conditions or contraindications that make aspirin use unsafe or inappropriate for them. Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can reduce the risk of colon cancer by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme that stimulates inflammation and angiogenesis in the colon. However, aspirin can also cause side effects such as bleeding, ulcers, or allergic reactions in some clients.

Choice D reason:

"You should increase your intake of calcium and vitamin D to protect your colon from cancer." This statement is not correct for a client who has a family history of colon cancer, as there is insufficient evidence to support the role of calcium and vitamin D in preventing colon cancer. Calcium and vitamin D may have some protective effects on the colon by binding to bile acids or regulating cell proliferation and differentiation in the colonic mucosa. However, they may also have adverse effects on other organs or systems, such as increasing the risk of kidney stones or cardiovascular disease.

Choice D reason:

Metastatic manifestations are signs and symptoms of cancer that result from the spread of the tumor to distant organs or tissues. Lung cancer can metastasize to various sites, such as the brain, bone, liver, or adrenal glands, and cause organ-specific manifestations, such as dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, and weight loss.

Choice A reason:

Local manifestations are signs and symptoms of cancer that result from the growth and expansion of the tumor within its site of origin. Lung cancer can cause local manifestations, such as chest pain, pleural effusion, or atelectasis.

Choice B reason:

Systemic manifestations are signs and symptoms of cancer that result from the effects of the tumor or its treatment on the whole body. Lung cancer can cause systemic manifestations, such as anorexia, cachexia, fatigue, or fever.

Choice C reason:

Paraneoplastic manifestations are signs and symptoms of cancer that result from the production of hormones or other substances by the tumor cells that affect normal body functions. Lung cancer can cause paraneoplastic manifestations, such as hypercalcemia, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), or Cushing's syndrome.