A nurse is caring for a client who has a T-4 spinal cord injury. Which of the following client findings should the nurse identify as an indication the client is at risk for experiencing autonomic dysreflexia?

Choice A Reason: This is incorrect because observing the client swallowing small sips of water before assisting with feeding may not reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Water is a thin liquid that can easily enter the lungs if the client has impaired swallowing or cough reflexes. The nurse should assess the client's need for thickened liquids or pureed foods and use a swallow screening tool to determine the appropriate consistency and amount of food and fluids.

Choice B Reason: This is incorrect because turning on the television for the client during meals may increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Television can distract the client from focusing on chewing and swallowing and cause them to eat too fast or too much. The nurse should provide a quiet and calm environment for the client during meals and encourage them to eat slowly and carefully.

Choice C Reason: This is incorrect because instructing the client to tilt their head back while swallowing may increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Tilting the head back can open the airway and allow food or fluids to enter the lungs. The nurse should instruct the client to tilt their head forward or tuck their chin while swallowing, which can close the airway and prevent aspiration.

Choice D Reason: This is correct because sitting the client upright 90 degrees then assisting the client with feeding can reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Sitting upright can help gravity move food and fluids down the esophagus and away from the lungs. The nurse should also keep the client upright for at least 30 minutes after eating and drinking to prevent regurgitation and aspiration.

Choice A Reason: A heart rate of 122/min is elevated, but not life-threatening. It could be due to pain, anxiety, dehydration, or infection.

Choice B Reason: A urinary output of 25 ml/hr is low, but not critical. It could indicate fluid loss, kidney damage, or inadequate fluid resuscitation.

Choice C Reason: A pain level of 6 on a scale of 0 to 10 is moderate, but not severe. It could be managed with analgesics and non-pharmacological interventions.

Choice D Reason: This is the correct answer because difficulty swallowing can indicate airway obstruction, inhalation injury, or edema of the throat. It can compromise breathing and require immediate intervention.