A nurse is caring for a client who reports continuing problems related to migraines. The nurse is assessing the psychosocial impact of migraines on the client. Which of the following questions should the nurse include in the assessment?
(Select All that Apply.)

Choice A Reason:

Smoking tobacco is the primary and most significant risk factor for emphysema. Tobacco smoke contains harmful chemicals and toxins that directly damage the lungs. Chronic exposure to cigarette smoke leads to inflammation and destruction of lung tissue, particularly the alveoli, contributing to the development of emphysema.

Choice B Reason:

Between 20 to 30 years of age. While smoking at any age is harmful to lung health, the risk of developing emphysema increases with prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke over many years. Emphysema is typically a disease of middle to older age, with symptoms often appearing after years of smoking.

Choice C Reason:

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. While asthma and emphysema are both respiratory diseases, they have distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors. Asthma is not a direct cause of emphysema, although some individuals with poorly controlled asthma may develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema as one of its components.

Choice D Reason:

Pollution is not correct. Environmental pollution, including air pollution from industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and particulate matter, can contribute to respiratory problems and exacerbate pre-existing lung conditions. While exposure to pollution can worsen respiratory symptoms and lung function, it is not the primary cause of emphysema. However, long-term exposure to certain pollutants may increase the risk of developing respiratory diseases, including COPD, which encompasses emphysema.

Choice A Reason:

Asthma flare-ups during exercise is correct . Exercise-induced asthma is a common feature of nonallergic asthma. Physical activity can trigger bronchoconstriction and asthma symptoms in individuals with this type of asthma.

Choice B Reason:

Nasal inflammation is incorrect. Nasal inflammation is not typically a characteristic feature of nonallergic asthma. While nasal symptoms such as congestion, rhinorrhea (runny nose), and sneezing are common in allergic asthma due to the involvement of allergic rhinitis (hay fever), they are not typically prominent in nonallergic asthma. Nonallergic asthma primarily affects the lower airways (bronchi and bronchioles) rather than the upper airways (nose and throat). Therefore, nasal inflammation is not commonly associated with nonallergic asthma.

Choice C Reason:

No hypersensitivity to allergens is correct. Unlike allergic asthma, where exposure to allergens triggers asthma symptoms, individuals with nonallergic asthma do not have a hypersensitivity to allergens.

Choice D Reason:

Asthma flare-ups with NSAID administration is correct. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen can trigger asthma symptoms in some individuals with nonallergic asthma.

Choice E Reason:

Persistence of manifestations is correct. Nonallergic asthma tends to have persistent symptoms even in the absence of allergen exposure. Symptoms may occur regularly and may not have a clear seasonal pattern like allergic asthma.

Choice F Reason:

Positive response to corticosteroids is correct. Corticosteroids are often effective in managing nonallergic asthma. Individuals with this type of asthma typically respond well to corticosteroid treatment as part of their asthma management plan.