A nurse is teaching a group of student nurses about populations at higher risk for multiple sclerosis. Which of the following demographics should be included in the teaching?
(Select All that Apply.)

African American clients

White American clients

East Asian clients

Hispanic or Latino clients

Navajo Indian clients

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B,D

Choice A Reason:

African American clients is appropriate. Research suggests that African Americans have a lower prevalence of MS compared to White Americans, but they tend to have more severe disease progression and higher disability rates when diagnosed with MS.

Choice B Reason:

White American clients: Individuals of European descent, including White Americans, have the highest prevalence of MS, particularly those of northern European ancestry. MS is more common in populations of northern European descent compared to other racial and ethnic groups.

Choice C Reason:

East Asian clients: East Asians, including individuals of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean descent, have historically had lower rates of MS compared to individuals of European descent. However, MS prevalence appears to be increasing in East Asian populations, possibly due to changes in lifestyle and environmental factors.

Choice D Reason:

Hispanic or Latino clients: Studies suggest that the prevalence of MS is lower in Hispanic/Latino populations compared to White Americans but higher than in African Americans. However, there is considerable variation in MS prevalence among different Hispanic/Latino subgroups.

Choice E Reason:

Navajo Indian clients: Native American populations, including Navajo Indians, have been reported to have a lower prevalence of MS compared to individuals of European descent. However, limited data are available on MS prevalence and incidence in specific Native American tribes, and more research is needed to fully understand the disease burden in these populations.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Vasogenic cerebral edema is appropriate response. Vasogenic cerebral edema occurs due to disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), leading to leakage of fluid and proteins from the blood vessels into the brain parenchyma. This type of cerebral edema is commonly associated with conditions such as brain tumors, abscesses, and ischemic stroke.

Choice B Reason:

Osmotic cerebral edema is inappropriate response. Osmotic cerebral edema occurs when there is an imbalance of osmotic forces across the blood-brain barrier, leading to the movement of water into the brain cells. This type of cerebral edema can result from conditions such as hyponatremia or the administration of hypertonic solutions.

Choice C Reason:

Cellular cerebral edema is inappropriate response. Cellular cerebral edema involves the swelling of brain cells (neurons and glial cells) due to various insults, such as ischemia, hypoxia, or metabolic disturbances. This type of cerebral edema can occur in conditions such as ischemic stroke or traumatic brain injury.

Choice D Reason:

Interstitial cerebral edema is incorrect response. Interstitial cerebral edema involves the accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces of the brain tissue. This type of cerebral edema can occur in conditions such as hydrocephalus, where there is obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow.

A. Hypertension B. Bradycardia C. Fecal impaction D. Arthralgia

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A Reason:

Hypertension is not typically associated with heterotopic ossifications. However, it may occur in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) due to autonomic dysreflexia, a condition characterized by an exaggerated sympathetic response to stimuli below the level of injury. Autonomic dysreflexia can lead to a sudden increase in blood pressure, which, if left untreated, can result in complications such as stroke or seizure. However, hypertension is not directly related to heterotopic ossifications.

Choice B Reason:

Bradycardia is also not typically associated with heterotopic ossifications. Like hypertension, bradycardia may occur in individuals with SCI due to autonomic dysreflexia. Autonomic dysreflexia can lead to a sudden increase in blood pressure and a reflex bradycardia in response to the increased sympathetic outflow. However, bradycardia is not directly related to heterotopic ossifications.

Choice C Reason:

Fecal impaction is a potential complication of spinal cord injury (SCI) due to impaired bowel function, but it is not directly related to heterotopic ossifications. SCI can disrupt normal bowel motility and result in neurogenic bowel dysfunction, leading to symptoms such as constipation, fecal impaction, and bowel obstruction. However, fecal impaction is not specific to heterotopic ossifications.

Choice D Reason:

Arthralgia is correct. Heterotopic ossifications (HO) involve the abnormal formation of bone in soft tissues around joints, muscles, tendons, or ligaments. When HO occurs around joints, it can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, and decreased range of motion, collectively known as arthralgia. Therefore, arthralgia is a common finding associated with heterotopic ossifications in individuals with spinal cord injuries.

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A nurse is teaching a group of student nurses about populations at higher risk for multiple sclerosis. Which of the following demographics should be included in the teaching? (Select All that Apply.)

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A nurse is teaching a student about cerebral edema. The student nurse asks, "What type of cerebral edema is associated with a client who has a stroke?" Which of the following is the best response from the nurse?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A nurse is assessing a client who has a spinal cord injury with heterotopic ossifications. Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A nurse is assisting with the plan of care for a client who has a spinal cord injury and spasm-induced incontinence. Which of the following medications should the nurse anticipate a prescription for?

A nurse is caring for a client who has respiratory failure due to ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch. The nurse should recognize that the client most likely has which of the following conditions?

A nurse is planning care for a client who has neurogenic shock following a spinal cord injury. Which of the following provider prescriptions should the nurse anticipate? (Select all that apply.) (Select All that Apply.)

A nurse is caring for an older adult client in the emergency department who sustained a head injury due to a fall. Which of the following are common reasons for head injuries in older adults? (Select All that Apply.)

A nurse is providing discharge information to a client who has Parkinson's disease and their family members. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include in the discharge information? (Select All that Apply.)

Which of the following risk factors is associated with a client having a higher risk of experiencing status asthmaticus?

A nurse is caring for a client who has multiple sclerosis and is being evaluated for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Which of the following findings should the nurse recognize as manifestations of this condition? (Select All that Apply.)

A nurse is reviewing the electronic medical record of a middle-aged client who was admitted following a stroke. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as a modifiable risk factor for stroke?

A nurse is teaching a group of student nurses about populations at higher risk for multiple sclerosis. Which of the following demographics should be included in the teaching?
(Select All that Apply.)