A nurse is collecting data from an infant who has a large patent ductus arteriosus. Which of the following is clinical manifestations should the nurse expect?

Cyanosis with crying

Weak pulses

Chronic hypoxemia

Machine-like murmur

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Cyanosis with crying: Cyanosis is less common in isolated PDA and more indicative of other congenital heart defects. PDA usually results in increased pulmonary blood flow and may not directly cause cyanosis, especially in less severe cases.

B. Weak pulses: PDA typically causes increased pulmonary blood flow and can result in bounding pulses rather than weak ones. Weak pulses are more indicative of reduced cardiac output, which is not characteristic of PDA.

C. Chronic hypoxemia: Chronic hypoxemia is less associated with PDA and more common in cyanotic heart defects where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. PDA primarily affects the volume of blood flow to the lungs and may not lead to hypoxemia unless complicated by other conditions.

D. Machine-like murmur: A characteristic feature of PDA is a continuous, machine-like murmur caused by turbulent blood flow between the aorta and the pulmonary artery. This murmur is a hallmark sign of PDA and is typically heard during auscultation.

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Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A. Beriberi: Incorrect. Caused by a deficiency in thiamine (Vitamin B1), not linked to high milk consumption.

B. Dehydration: Incorrect. Milk intake can contribute to hydration, though it should not replace water.

C. Diabetes mellitus: Incorrect. High milk consumption is not directly linked to diabetes in toddlers.

D. Iron-deficiency anemia: Correct. Excessive milk can lead to iron-deficiency anemia because milk is low in iron and can interfere with iron absorption from other foods, leading to reduced iron intake.

A. Ask the child what he knows about the procedure. B. Allow the child to see and touch IV tubing and supplies. C. Describe the procedure using visual aids. D. Explain to the child's parents what role they will have during the procedure.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Ask the child what he knows about the procedure. Understanding the child’s knowledge and feelings about the procedure helps tailor the explanation to address any misconceptions and reduce anxiety. This is the first step in providing appropriate and effective education.

B. Allow the child to see and touch IV tubing and supplies. Familiarizing the child with the equipment can reduce fear, but it is better to first assess what the child knows and address any concerns or fears before showing the supplies.

C. Describe the procedure using visual aids. Using visual aids to explain the procedure is helpful, but it should follow assessing the child’s current understanding to ensure the explanation is appropriate and comprehensive.

D. Explain to the child's parents what role they will have during the procedure. Involving the parents and explaining their role is important, but the child’s understanding and comfort should be addressed first to ensure they are calm and prepared for the procedure.

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A nurse is collecting data from an infant who has a large patent ductus arteriosus. Which of the following is clinical manifestations should the nurse expect?

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