A nurse is performing a musculoskeletal assessment on an older adult. What normal Physiological changes of aging does the nurse expect?

Select all that apply.

Arthritis

Widened Gait

Kyphosis

Slowed movement.

Muscle atrophy

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,D,E,F

The normal physiological changes of aging that the nurse can expect in an older adult during a musculoskeletal assessment include:

● Widened Gait: With age, there can be a natural widening of the gait due to changes in balance and stability.

● Kyphosis: Kyphosis refers to an increased curvature of the thoracic spine, commonly known as a "hunchback" appearance, which can occur due to changes in the vertebral bones and intervertebral discs.

● Slowed movement: Older adults may experience a natural decline in their movement speed due to changes in muscle strength, coordination, and reaction time. ● Muscle atrophy: Age-related muscle atrophy, or loss of muscle mass, can occur, particularly if the older adult leads a sedentary lifestyle or has other underlying health conditions.

● Decreased joint ROM (Range of Motion): Older adults may experience a gradual decrease in joint flexibility and range of motion due to changes in the joints, ligaments, and surrounding tissues. This can affect their ability to move joints fully.

It's important to note that while some older adults may develop arthritis, it is not considered a normal physiological change of aging. Arthritis refers to the inflammation and degeneration of joints, which can occur due to various factors, including age, genetics, and lifestyle.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Pain tolerance refers to the maximum level of pain that an individual can tolerate without significant distress. It is influenced by various factors, including psychological and emotional factors. While emotions such as anger, boredom, and introversion can have an impact on a person's pain perception and experience, sleep plays a significant role in pain tolerance. During sleep, the body is in a state of rest and relaxation, allowing for decreased sensory input and potentially reducing pain perception. Sleep provides an opportunity for the body to repair and heal, which can contribute to improved pain tolerance. Additionally, sleep promotes the release of endogenous opioids, which are natural pain-relieving substances produced by the body.

A. Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis B. Fully Compensated Metabolic Acidosis C. Uncompensated Metabolic Alkalosis D. Partially Compensated Respiratory Alkalosis

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

The pH value of 7.5 indicates alkalosis, as it is above the normal range of 7.35-7.45. The elevated bicarbonate (HCO3-) level of 34 mmol/L suggests metabolic alkalosis, as it is higher than the normal range of 22-28 mmol/L. The PaCO2 level of 40 mm Hg falls within the normal range of 35-45 mm Hg.

In this case, the primary disturbance is metabolic alkalosis, which is likely caused by the persistent vomiting leading to excessive loss of gastric acid (hydrogen ions) and chloride ions from the stomach. This loss of acid and chloride results in an imbalance of electrolytes and an increase in bicarbonate levels, leading to metabolic alkalosis.

Since there is no significant deviation from the normal range in the PaCO2 level, the respiratory system has not effectively compensated for the metabolic alkalosis. Therefore, it is considered uncompensated.

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A nurse is performing a musculoskeletal assessment on an older adult. What normal Physiological changes of aging does the nurse expect?

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

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