A nurse is planning a community education program about colorectal cancer. Which of the following risk factors should the nurse identify as modifiable? (Select all that apply.)

A. "Hold your breath for 6 seconds after inhaling the medication." – The correct recommendation is to hold the breath for at least 10 seconds to allow maximum medication absorption in the lungs.

B. "Inhale the medication deeply for 5 seconds." – A slow, deep inhalation (3-5 seconds) allows the medication to reach the lower airways effectively.

C. "Do not shake the medication in the inhaler." – Most metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) need to be shaken before use to ensure proper mixing of medication. Exceptions include dry powder inhalers (DPIs), which should not be shaken.

D. "Hold the inhaler 3 inches away from your mouth." – The correct distance is 1 to 2 inches (2-4 cm) from the mouth, or the mouthpiece can be placed directly into the mouth with lips sealed around it.

A. Limit the use of hand gestures when communicating with the client. Hand gestures enhance communication for clients with hearing loss. Visual cues such as gestures, facial expressions, and lip reading can help improve understanding.

B. Speak to the client with an increased pitch. Speaking in an increased pitch is not recommended because higher frequencies are often harder for clients with hearing loss to detect. Instead, the nurse should speak clearly, slowly, and in a lower tone.

C. Use written materials to assist with communication. Written materials help clients with hearing loss understand important information, especially if they rely on lip reading or have significant hearing impairment.

D. Limit visitors to avoid communication misunderstandings. Limiting visitors is unnecessary and may lead to social isolation. Instead, the nurse should encourage communication using appropriate strategies, such as writing or sign language.