A nurse is providing care for four patients. Which patient should the nurse evaluate first for cognitive impairment?
A 42-year-old patient with a serum sodium level of 134 mEq/L (134 mmol/L).
An 88-year-old patient who had a hemorrhagic stroke three days ago.
A patient who underwent an open cholecystectomy two days ago.
A 32-year-old patient with a 20-pack-year history of smoking.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A rationale:
A serum sodium level of 134 mEq/L (134 mmol/L) is mildly low, but this level of hyponatremia is not typically associated with significant cognitive impairment.
Symptoms of hyponatremia, such as confusion, lethargy, and seizures, usually occur when sodium levels are 125 mEq/L or lower.
However, it's important to monitor this patient for any changes in cognitive status as hyponatremia can worsen and lead to more severe symptoms.
Choice C rationale:
A patient who underwent an open cholecystectomy two days ago may experience some cognitive impairment due to the effects of anesthesia and pain medications.
However, this type of impairment is usually temporary and resolves within a few days.
It's important to assess for cognitive impairment in this patient, but it is not the most urgent priority.
Choice D rationale:
A 32-year-old patient with a 20-pack-year history of smoking is at risk for cognitive impairment due to the long-term effects of smoking on the brain.
However, this risk is typically not as immediate as the risk of cognitive impairment following a stroke.
It's important to educate this patient about the risks of smoking and encourage smoking cessation, but it is not the most urgent priority in terms of cognitive assessment.
Choice B rationale:
An 88-year-old patient who had a hemorrhagic stroke three days ago is at the highest risk for cognitive impairment among the given options.
Hemorrhagic stroke involves bleeding in the brain, which can damage brain tissue and lead to cognitive deficits.
The risk of cognitive impairment is particularly high in older adults, as they may have less cognitive reserve to compensate for the damage caused by the stroke.
Early assessment and intervention for cognitive impairment are crucial for optimizing recovery and quality of life in stroke patients.
Prompt evaluation for cognitive impairment is essential to identify any deficits and initiate appropriate interventions to support the patient's cognitive function and recovery.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A rationale:
Assessing the patient's adherence to the drug regimen is the most crucial first step in this situation. Here's a comprehensive explanation:
1. Significance of Adherence in HIV Treatment:
Viral Suppression and Disease Progression: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is paramount in HIV management. It directly impacts viral suppression, preventing disease progression, and reducing the risk of opportunistic infections and complications. Non-adherence can lead to viral rebound, increased viral load, and potential disease advancement.
Primary Cause of Treatment Failure: Suboptimal adherence is the leading cause of treatment failure in HIV patients. It can result in:
Reduced effectiveness of ART Development of drug resistance Increased healthcare costs Increased risk of transmission
2. Rationale for Prioritizing Adherence Assessment:
Direct Link to Viral Load and Health Status: A sudden decline in health status and a significant increase in viral load strongly suggest potential non-adherence. Assessing adherence early on can:
Identify the root cause of the clinical deterioration
Inform timely interventions to address adherence barriers Prevent further complications
3. Assessing Adherence Thoroughly:
Non-Judgmental Approach: Creating a supportive and non-judgmental environment is essential for honest and accurate assessment.
Open-Ended Questions: Utilize open-ended questions to explore potential challenges and barriers to adherence, such as: Difficulties with medication schedules
Side effects Financial constraints Forgetfulness
Mental health concerns Substance abuse
Lack of social support
Objective Measures: Complement patient reports with objective measures like:
Pill counts
Pharmacy refill records
Medication Event Monitoring Systems (MEMS)
4. Addressing Adherence Barriers:
Tailored Interventions: Based on the assessment findings, develop individualized strategies to enhance adherence, such as: Simplifying medication regimens
Addressing side effects
Providing medication reminders
Offering counseling and support services
Connecting patients with resources
5. Reassessing and Monitoring:
Continuous Evaluation: Regularly reassess adherence and viral load to ensure treatment effectiveness and make adjustments as needed.
Conclusion:
While other options (B, C, D) may provide valuable information, prioritizing adherence assessment is critical to promptly identify and address potential adherence issues, optimize treatment outcomes, and prevent further health decline in HIV patients experiencing viral rebound.
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
The correct answer is Choice B.
Choice A rationale: Massaging the site with scented oils is not recommended as it may further irritate the inflamed tissue. Additionally, scented oils can cause allergic reactions or skin irritation, worsening the client's discomfort.
Choice B rationale: Applying warm compresses to the site increases blood flow, reduces inflammation, and provides pain relief. Warm compresses also promote healing by improving circulation and reducing edema, making them an appropriate intervention for phlebitis.
Choice C rationale: Administering topical lidocaine to the site is generally not recommended without a prescription. Although it may provide localized pain relief, it can mask underlying issues and delay appropriate medical assessment and treatment.
Choice D rationale: Administering prescribed oral pain medication can provide systemic pain relief. However, it may not be as effective as a localized treatment for reducing inflammation and discomfort at the site of the peripheral vascular access device.
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