A nurse is providing teaching to the parent of a newborn who has gastroesophageal reflux.

Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

A. TPN typically contains glucose as a source of energy. While it can help maintain glucose levels, this is not the primary reason for its use in clients with acute kidney injury.
B. TPN is not primarily used to address excessive calorie burning. It is used when a client is unable to meet their nutritional needs orally or enterally.
C. While TPN may have varying proportions of macronutrients depending on the individual's nutritional needs, the primary reason for its use in acute kidney injury is to provide nutrition when the gastrointestinal tract cannot be used.

D. TPN bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, delivering nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
This is necessary in acute kidney injury when the client may not be able to tolerate enteral feeding or when there are specific dietary restrictions.

A. Vitamin C deficiency, also known as scurvy, can lead to impaired collagen synthesis, which is essential for maintaining the integrity of connective tissues, including the skin. Without an adequate supply of vitamin C, the skin becomes fragile and prone to breakdown, leading to the development of ulcers and wounds.

B. Hypertension is not directly associated with vitamin C deficiency. However, vitamin C deficiency may indirectly contribute to hypertension due to its role in maintaining blood vessel health and endothelial function.
C. Tachycardia is not directly associated with vitamin C deficiency. However, severe vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) can lead to fatigue and weakness, which may result in an increased heart rate as the body tries to compensate for reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.
D. Kidney stones are not typically associated with vitamin C deficiency. However, excessive intake of vitamin C supplements may increase the risk of kidney stone formation in susceptible individuals due to the conversion of vitamin C into oxalate, which can contribute to stone formation.