A nurse is reinforcing education about advance directives to a client who has end-stage liver failure. Which of the following statements by the client reflects an understanding of advance directives?

A. The client’s immediate family members can only receive protected health information if the client has given consent or if they are legally authorized to make health care decisions.
B. Facility administrators may need some information for operational purposes, but they do not automatically have access to a client’s protected health information unless it is required for treatment, payment, or health care operations.
C. Health care team members caring for the client are permitted to access and share the client’s protected health information as needed to provide safe and effective care. This is allowed under HIPAA regulations.
D. Clergy affiliated with the facility may receive information only if the client provides consent; they are not automatically entitled to access protected health information.

A. Battery is the intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person without their consent. Administering an injection after a competent client has refused it constitutes battery, even if the nurse’s intent was to help. The client’s right to autonomy and informed consent must always be respected.

B. Assault refers to threatening or attempting to touch a person without consent, causing them to fear harm. In this case, the nurse did not merely threaten — they actually performed the act — so it is battery, not assault.

C. Negligence is an unintentional tort that occurs when a nurse fails to act as a reasonable and prudent nurse would, resulting in harm. Administering a medication without consent is intentional, not negligent.

D. False imprisonment involves restricting a person’s freedom of movement without legal justification (e.g., restraining a client without an order). The nurse did not confine the client but instead performed an unwanted procedure, making this battery, not false imprisonment.