A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a client who has osteoarthritis and is taking acetaminophen for pain management. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?

Choice A rationale

COPD is incorrect. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory condition and is not a risk factor for urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs are typically caused by bacterial infections in the urinary tract.
Choice B rationale
Anemia is incorrect. Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. It is not a direct risk factor for UTIs. UTIs are primarily caused by bacterial infections.
Choice C rationale
Diabetes mellitus is correct. Diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for UTIs. High blood sugar levels can create an environment that promotes bacterial growth in the urinary tract. Additionally, individuals with diabetes may have impaired immune function, making them more susceptible to infections.
Choice D rationale
Osteoporosis is incorrect. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures. It is not a risk factor for UTIs. UTIs are primarily caused by bacterial infections in the urinary tract.

Choice A rationale
Freezing unopened insulin vials is incorrect. Insulin should be stored in the refrigerator at a temperature between 36°F and 46°F (2°C and 8°C) until it is opened. Freezing insulin can cause it to lose its potency and effectiveness. Once opened, insulin vials can be kept at room temperature for up to 28 days, but they should never be frozen.
Choice B rationale

Increasing insulin when exercising is incorrect. Exercise generally lowers blood glucose levels, so clients with type 1 diabetes may need to decrease their insulin dose or consume additional carbohydrates to prevent hypoglycemia during and after physical activity. It is important for clients to monitor their blood glucose levels closely and adjust their insulin and carbohydrate intake accordingly.
Choice C rationale
Injecting insulin into the abdominal area is correct. The abdominal area is one of the recommended sites for insulin injection because it has a large surface area and provides consistent absorption. Other recommended sites include the upper outer arms, thighs, and buttocks. Rotating injection sites within the same area helps prevent lipodystrophy and ensures better insulin absorption.
Choice D rationale
Shaking the insulin vial vigorously to mix is incorrect. Insulin vials should be gently rolled between the hands to mix the contents. Shaking the vial vigorously can cause air bubbles to form, which can lead to inaccurate dosing. Proper mixing ensures that the insulin is evenly distributed and effective.