A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a newly licensed nurse regarding sources of medication information. Which of the following resources should the nurse include as reliable references for the nurse to use to evaluate medication information? (Select all that apply.)(Select All that Apply.)

Explanation:

A. What were the costs associated with the research?

While the costs associated with research can be important in certain contexts, such as resource allocation or budget considerations, it is not typically a primary consideration in the critical appraisal of research evidence for evidence-based practice.

B. Does the study have reliability?

Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of research findings. It is important to assess whether the study's methods and measurements are reliable to ensure that the results are trustworthy and reproducible.

C. Is the research applicable to other populations?

Applicability or generalizability of research findings refers to whether the results can be applied to populations or settings beyond those directly studied in the research. Evaluating applicability helps determine the relevance of the study findings to different patient populations or clinical scenarios.

D. What methods were used to conduct the research?

Understanding the research methods is crucial for evaluating the quality and rigor of the study. This includes assessing the study design, sampling methods, data collection procedures, interventions or exposures studied, and statistical analyses used.

E. How were the study results analyzed?

Examining how the study results were analyzed helps determine the validity and reliability of the findings. It is important to assess whether appropriate statistical methods were used, whether potential biases were addressed, and whether the results are robust and meaningful.

F. What was the purpose of the study?

Understanding the purpose or research question of the study is fundamental for evaluating its relevance and significance to clinical practice. The research question should be clearly stated and align with the study's objectives, methods, and conclusions.

Explanation:

A. Place the head of the client's bed flat:

This action is not appropriate because lying flat can worsen dyspnea in many cases. It can restrict lung expansion and make breathing more difficult. Instead, the nurse should elevate the head of the bed or position the client in a semi-Fowler's or high-Fowler's position to facilitate easier breathing.

B. Perform nasotracheal suctioning for the client:

Nasotracheal suctioning is not indicated for dyspnea unless there is a specific medical reason, such as airway obstruction or excessive secretions. Performing suctioning without a clear indication can cause discomfort and may not address the underlying cause of dyspnea.

C. Increase the heat in the client's room:

Adjusting the room temperature is generally not a direct intervention for dyspnea. While maintaining a comfortable environment is important, dyspnea is usually managed through other means such as medication and positioning.

D. Administer an opioid narcotic to the client:

This is the most appropriate action among the choices provided. Opioid narcotics, such as morphine, are commonly used to alleviate dyspnea in end-of-life care. They help reduce the sensation of breathlessness, calm respiratory distress, and improve overall comfort for the client.