A nurse is speaking with a client who is 6 weeks' gestation.
The client tells the nurse that she smokes one pack per day, but is trying to quit.
The nurse should explain that newborns born to women who smoke are at risk for:

Choice A rationale

Maintaining a folic acid intake of 4 mcg per day is not sufficient. The recommended dose for pregnant women is 400-800 mcg to help prevent neural tube defects, but it is not specifically related to reducing the risk of preterm labor.

Choice B rationale

Increasing fluid intake to 8-10 (8 oz) glasses per day is recommended as it helps to maintain hydration, which is crucial in preventing preterm labor. Dehydration can cause uterine contractions, which can lead to preterm labor.

Choice C rationale

Consuming the recommended daily allowance of vitamin C (85 mg) is important for immune function and overall health but does not directly affect the risk of preterm labor.

Choice D rationale

Increasing caloric intake by 500 calories per day is typically recommended for breastfeeding mothers, not for preventing preterm labor during pregnancy. Proper nutrition is important, but overconsumption can lead to excessive weight gain.

Choice A rationale

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a significant risk for newborns of mothers who smoke. Smoking affects placental blood flow, reducing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, leading to poor growth.

Choice B rationale

Smoking is not a direct cause of gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is primarily related to hormonal changes in pregnancy that affect insulin regulation.

Choice C rationale

Congenital heart defects are not directly linked to smoking. They are usually caused by genetic and environmental factors during early fetal development, not smoking specifically.

Choice D rationale

Vision loss is not directly associated with maternal smoking. Smoking affects fetal growth and development, but vision loss is not a common outcome.