A nurse is speaking with a client who is 6 weeks' gestation.
The client tells the nurse that she smokes one pack per day, but is trying to quit.
The nurse should explain that newborns born to women who smoke are at risk for:

Choice A rationale

A possible sign of pregnancy includes symptoms that are suggestive but not definitive, such as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) or fatigue. These signs can have multiple causes and are not conclusive proof of pregnancy.

Choice B rationale

A positive sign of pregnancy includes objective evidence like fetal movement felt by the examiner, fetal heart sounds detected, or visualization of the fetus on ultrasound. These signs provide direct confirmation of pregnancy.

Choice C rationale

Presumptive signs of pregnancy are subjective experiences reported by the patient, such as nausea, breast tenderness, or quickening (feeling fetal movement). These signs are not confirmatory as they can occur in other conditions.

Choice D rationale

Probable signs of pregnancy include objective findings observed by a healthcare provider, such as uterine enlargement, but they are not definitive as they can also be caused by conditions like fibroids.

Choice A rationale

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a significant risk for newborns of mothers who smoke. Smoking affects placental blood flow, reducing the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, leading to poor growth.

Choice B rationale

Smoking is not a direct cause of gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is primarily related to hormonal changes in pregnancy that affect insulin regulation.

Choice C rationale

Congenital heart defects are not directly linked to smoking. They are usually caused by genetic and environmental factors during early fetal development, not smoking specifically.

Choice D rationale

Vision loss is not directly associated with maternal smoking. Smoking affects fetal growth and development, but vision loss is not a common outcome.