A nurse is teaching a class about Piaget's stages of cognitive development.
The nurse should instruct that object permanence develops during which of the following stages?

Choice A rationale:

"Keep your back straight.”. Maintaining correct posture when transferring clients is essential to prevent injuries to both the nurse and the patient. The correct answer, "Keep your back straight," is crucial in ensuring that the nurse avoids straining their back muscles. When transferring patients, it's essential to use proper body mechanics and keep the spine in a neutral position. This minimizes the risk of back injuries and promotes safe patient handling. Bending or twisting the back can lead to musculoskeletal problems, such as back pain or herniated discs.

Choice B rationale:

"Keep your knees straight.”. Keeping your knees straight is not the correct choice for maintaining correct posture when transferring clients. In fact, it's essential to keep your knees slightly bent when lifting or transferring a patient. This position helps to maintain stability and distribute the weight evenly, reducing the risk of injury.

Choice C rationale:

"Tilt your head toward your chest.”. Tilting the head toward the chest is unrelated to maintaining proper posture during patient transfers. It is important to keep the head in a neutral position while transferring patients, focusing on the back and leg positioning.

Choice D rationale:

"Loosen your abdominal muscles.”. Loosening abdominal muscles is not a recommended practice during patient transfers. Maintaining core strength and stability is essential for proper body mechanics. Relaxing the abdominal muscles can lead to poor posture and decreased stability, increasing the risk of injury.

Choice A rationale;

Inability to form healthy relationships: This is more commonly associated with fixation at the phallic stage.

Choice B rationale:

Feelings of shame are associated with Freud's psychosexual stages, particularly during the anal stage. Fixation at the oral stage is more likely to result in issues related to dependency and oral fixation, which may manifest as habits like nail-biting or smoking, rather than feelings of shame.

Choice C rationale:

According to Freud's psychosexual theory, fixation at the oral stage can lead to oral personality traits. These traits are often associated with oral activities like eating, drinking, smoking, and talking. Overeating is a common behavior linked to oral fixation, as it represents a seeking of oral gratification.

Choice D rationale:

Bedwetting is not typically associated with fixation at the oral stage of development. Bedwetting is more commonly linked to issues at the anal stage. In the oral stage, the fixation is primarily related to dependency and oral behaviors. .