A nurse is teaching a client about the causes of osteoporosis. The nurse should include which of the following types of medication therapy as a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Choice A reason:

Naproxen is classified as a pregnancy category B medication during the first and second trimesters but becomes category D in the third trimester due to potential risks to the fetus. It is generally advised to avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like naproxen during pregnancy unless specifically recommended by a healthcare provider.

Choice B reason:

Aspirin is not considered safe during pregnancy, especially in higher doses. It is classified as category D in the third trimester due to risks such as premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and potential bleeding complications. Low-dose aspirin may be prescribed in specific cases, but it is not generally recommended as an over-the-counter option for pregnant women.

Choice C reason:

Ibuprofen, like naproxen, is an NSAID and is classified as category B during the first and second trimesters but category D in the third trimester. It is generally advised to avoid ibuprofen during pregnancy due to potential risks to the fetus, particularly in the later stages of pregnancy.

Choice D reason:

Acetaminophen is classified as a pregnancy category B medication and is considered safe for use during all trimesters of pregnancy. It is the preferred over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic for pregnant women due to its safety profile. Acetaminophen does not carry the same risks as NSAIDs and is widely used to manage pain and fever during pregnancy.

Choice A reason: Tea

Tea contains polyphenols and tannins, which can inhibit the absorption of nonheme iron. Therefore, it is not recommended to consume tea with iron-rich foods if the goal is to enhance iron absorption.

Choice B reason: Dried beans

Dried beans are a good source of nonheme iron, but they do not enhance its absorption. In fact, beans contain phytates, which can inhibit iron absorption. While they are beneficial for iron intake, they should be consumed with foods that enhance iron absorption, such as those rich in vitamin C.

Choice C reason: Milk

Milk contains calcium, which can inhibit the absorption of both heme and nonheme iron. Therefore, it is not recommended to consume milk with iron-rich foods if the goal is to enhance iron absorption.

Choice D reason: Tomato juice

Tomato juice is rich in vitamin C, which significantly enhances the absorption of nonheme iron. Consuming vitamin C-rich foods like tomato juice with iron-rich foods can improve the body’s ability to absorb iron, making it an excellent choice for individuals with iron deficiency anemia.