A nurse is teaching a client who has a family history of colon cancer about the risk factors and prevention strategies for the disease. Which of the following statements should the nurse include in the teaching?
"You should have a colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50 to screen for colon cancer."
"You should avoid eating red meat, processed meat, and high-fat foods to reduce your risk of colon cancer."
"You should take aspirin daily to prevent inflammation and polyp formation in your colon."
"You should increase your intake of calcium and vitamin D to protect your colon from cancer."
The Correct Answer is B
Choice B reason:
Dietary factors are important risk factors for colon cancer, as they can affect the composition and metabolism of the intestinal flora and the production of carcinogens or protective substances in the colon. Red meat, processed meat, and high-fat foods can increase the risk of colon cancer by increasing the production of heterocyclic amines, nitrosamines, or bile acids that can damage the colonic mucosa and promote tumor growth.
Choice A reason:
"You should have a colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50 to screen for colon cancer." This statement is not correct for a client who has a family history of colon cancer, as they have a higher risk of developing the disease than the general population. They should have a colonoscopy every 5 years starting at age 40 or 10 years earlier than the age at which their relative was diagnosed with colon cancer.
Choice C reason:
"You should take aspirin daily to prevent inflammation and polyp formation in your colon." This statement is not correct for a client who has a family history of colon cancer, as they may have other medical conditions or contraindications that make aspirin use unsafe or inappropriate for them. Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can reduce the risk of colon cancer by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme that stimulates inflammation and angiogenesis in the colon. However, aspirin can also cause side effects such as bleeding, ulcers, or allergic reactions in some clients.
Choice D reason:
"You should increase your intake of calcium and vitamin D to protect your colon from cancer." This statement is not correct for a client who has a family history of colon cancer, as there is insufficient evidence to support the role of calcium and vitamin D in preventing colon cancer. Calcium and vitamin D may have some protective effects on the colon by binding to bile acids or regulating cell proliferation and differentiation in the colonic mucosa. However, they may also have adverse effects on other organs or systems, such as increasing the risk of kidney stones or cardiovascular disease.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["A","C","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason:
A benign neoplasm grows slowly and remains localized within its site of origin. It does not spread to other parts of the body or cause systemic effects.
Choice B reason:
A malignant neoplasm invades surrounding tissues and organs and destroys their normal function. It can also penetrate blood vessels or lymphatics and disseminate to distant sites, forming secondary tumors or metastases.
Choice C reason:
A benign neoplasm can differentiate into normal cells that resemble the tissue of origin. It has a well-defined shape and structure and retains some of its normal functions.
Choice D reason:
A malignant neoplasm can metastasize to distant sites via blood or lymph, creating new foci of tumor growth and increasing the complexity and severity of the disease.
Choice E reason:
A benign neoplasm can cause compression or obstruction of nearby structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, ducts, or organs. This can result in pain, ischemia, inflammation, or dysfunction of the affected structures.
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]
Explanation
Choice A reason:
The size and number of primary tumors are important criteria for staging cancer, as they indicate the local growth and expansion of the tumor within its site of origin. The larger and more numerous the tumors are, the higher the stage of cancer is.
Choice B reason:
The presence or absence of regional lymph node involvement is another important criterion for staging cancer, as it indicates the spread of the tumor to the nearby lymphatic system. The more lymph nodes are affected, the higher the stage of cancer is.
Choice C reason:
The presence or absence of distant metastases is the most important criterion for staging cancer, as it indicates the spread of the tumor to other parts of the body via blood or lymph. The presence of any distant metastasis usually indicates the highest stage of cancer.
Choice D reason:
The degree of cellular differentiation and resemblance to normal tissue is a criterion for grading cancer, not staging cancer. Grading cancer assesses the severity and aggressiveness of the tumor based on its histologic appearance and behavior.
Choice E reason:
The level of tumor markers in the blood or other body fluids is a criterion for monitoring cancer, not staging cancer. Tumor markers are substances produced by tumor cells or by the body in response to tumor cells that can be detected in laboratory tests. They can help diagnose, prognose, or evaluate the response to treatment of cancer.
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