A patient who has heart failure. The patient complains of shortness of breath, and the nurse auscultates crackles in the lungs. The nurse understands that these symptoms are the result of
Poor medication compliance
Increased force of ventricular contraction
Decreased force of ventricular contraction
Lack of exercise
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: Poor medication compliance may worsen heart failure but isn’t directly linked to crackles and shortness of breath. These symptoms result from fluid overload due to reduced cardiac output, not solely non-adherence. This choice is less specific to the physiological cause described.
Choice B reason: Increased ventricular contraction force, as with inotropes like digoxin, improves cardiac output, reducing fluid backup. Crackles and shortness of breath indicate fluid overload from poor heart function, not enhanced contraction, making this choice incorrect for the symptoms’ cause.
Choice C reason: Decreased ventricular contraction force in heart failure reduces cardiac output, causing blood to back up into the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. This manifests as crackles and shortness of breath due to fluid accumulation, making this the correct physiological explanation for the symptoms.
Choice D reason: Lack of exercise may contribute to overall heart failure progression but doesn’t directly cause crackles and shortness of breath. These symptoms stem from acute fluid overload due to impaired cardiac pumping, not deconditioning, making this choice incorrect for the immediate cause.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: To calculate the volume, divide the ordered dose (8 mg) by the concentration (5 mg/mL): 8 ÷ 5 = 1.6 mL. Choice A (1.4 mL) underestimates the volume, delivering only 7 mg (1.4 × 5), which is insufficient for the prescribed dose, making it incorrect for accurate medication administration.
Choice B reason: Calculating 8 mg ÷ 5 mg/mL yields 1.6 mL. Choice B (1.8 mL) would deliver 9 mg (1.8 × 5), exceeding the ordered dose. This overdose could increase the risk of sedation or respiratory depression, as Valium (diazepam) is a benzodiazepine with potent CNS effects, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: The correct volume is 8 mg ÷ 5 mg/mL = 1.6 mL. Choice C (1.2 mL) delivers only 6 mg (1.2 × 5), which is below the prescribed dose. This underdose could result in inadequate therapeutic effects, such as insufficient anxiety relief or seizure control, making it an incorrect choice.
Choice D reason: Dividing the ordered dose (8 mg) by the concentration (5 mg/mL) gives 8 ÷ 5 = 1.6 mL. This volume accurately delivers the prescribed 8 mg of Valium, ensuring therapeutic efficacy for conditions like anxiety or seizures while minimizing risks of over- or under-dosing, making it the correct choice.
Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Electronic order entry systems reduce errors by standardizing prescriptions and flagging issues. This enhances safety, making it a correct preventive strategy.
Choice B reason: Naming and shaming create fear, discouraging error reporting and learning. Nonpunitive approaches are effective, so this is incorrect for preventing errors.
Choice C reason: Prosecuting caregivers deters transparency, hindering error analysis. Supportive tracking systems prevent errors, so this is incorrect for effective strategies.
Choice D reason: Engaging patients as informed team members improves adherence and catches errors. This collaborative approach is effective, making it a correct choice.
Choice E reason: Nonpunitive error tracking encourages reporting, identifying patterns to prevent future mistakes. This is a proven method, making it a correct choice.
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