A patient with a recent head trauma exhibits polyuria and polydipsia. Which hormone deficiency might be responsible for these symptoms?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Aldosterone
Oxytocin
Cortisol
The Correct Answer is A
A. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): ADH (vasopressin) promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys; deficiency reduces water reabsorption, producing excessive urine output (polyuria) and compensatory thirst (polydipsia), and head trauma can damage the hypothalamic–posterior pituitary axis causing this deficiency.
B. Aldosterone: Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and water retention in the distal nephron; deficiency can cause salt wasting and volume depletion but is less directly associated with the classic polyuria/polydipsia pattern seen after head trauma.
C. Oxytocin: Oxytocin primarily affects uterine contraction and milk ejection; deficiency does not typically produce polyuria and polydipsia.
D. Cortisol: Cortisol influences metabolism and stress responses and, in excess, can cause polyuria via osmotic diuresis from hyperglycemia, but isolated cortisol deficiency or excess is a less direct explanation for sudden polyuria and polydipsia following head trauma compared with ADH loss.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. By altering the pH of the blood.:The nervous system does not regulate endocrine responses by changing blood pH as a primary mechanism.
B. By increasing blood flow to endocrine organs.:While blood flow can influence hormone delivery, direct neural control of endocrine responses is primarily mediated via hypothalamic signaling rather than blood-flow changes.
C. By releasing hormones that regulate the pituitary gland.:The hypothalamus (a neural structure) secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate anterior pituitary secretion and sends neural signals to the posterior pituitary.
D. By directly stimulating adrenal cortex hormone release.:Direct neural stimulation primarily affects the adrenal medulla (catecholamine release); adrenal cortex activation is mostly hormonal via ACTH from the pituitary.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.:Steroid hormones originate from cholesterol and share a characteristic four-ring structure derived from that precursor.
B. Steroid hormones are composed of nucleotides.:Nucleotides make up nucleic acids (DNA/RNA); they are not the building blocks of steroid hormones.
C. Steroid hormones are composed of fatty acids.:Steroid hormones are lipid molecules derived from cholesterol rather than straight-chain fatty acids.
D. Steroid hormones are composed of amino acids.:Amino acids form peptide hormones and proteins, not steroid hormones.
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