How are pituitary secretions controlled by the nervous system?
Through conscious voluntary control
By the autonomic nervous system directly stimulating the pituitary gland
By feedback from peripheral organs only
Through direct neural connections with the hypothalamus
The Correct Answer is D
A. Through conscious voluntary control: Pituitary secretions are regulated by neuroendocrine pathways and feedback loops, not by conscious voluntary control.
B. By the autonomic nervous system directly stimulating the pituitary gland: The autonomic nervous system can modulate some endocrine organs, but pituitary control is primarily via hypothalamic neural and vascular signals rather than direct autonomic stimulation of the pituitary itself.
C. By feedback from peripheral organs only: Peripheral hormone feedback influences both hypothalamus and pituitary, but this is not the sole mechanism—neural input from the hypothalamus is essential.
D. Through direct neural connections with the hypothalamus: The hypothalamus, a neural structure, communicates with the pituitary via neural (posterior pituitary axons) and vascular (hypophyseal portal) connections to regulate pituitary hormone release.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. They increase the production of ATP in mitochondria.:Steroid hormones do not primarily act by directly increasing mitochondrial ATP production as their main mechanism.
B. They cause immediate depolarization of the cell membrane.:Immediate membrane depolarization is characteristic of ion channel activity and some neurotransmitters, not the typical action of steroid hormones.
C. They bind to intracellular receptors to influence gene expression.:Steroid hormones are lipophilic, cross the cell membrane, bind intracellular (cytosolic or nuclear) receptors, and modulate transcription of target genes.
D. They bind to extracellular receptors to trigger second messenger pathways.:Binding to cell-surface receptors and second-messenger activation describes peptide and many amine hormones, not steroid hormones.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol.:Steroid hormones originate from cholesterol and share a characteristic four-ring structure derived from that precursor.
B. Steroid hormones are composed of nucleotides.:Nucleotides make up nucleic acids (DNA/RNA); they are not the building blocks of steroid hormones.
C. Steroid hormones are composed of fatty acids.:Steroid hormones are lipid molecules derived from cholesterol rather than straight-chain fatty acids.
D. Steroid hormones are composed of amino acids.:Amino acids form peptide hormones and proteins, not steroid hormones.
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