Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
Causes albuminuria
Reabsorbs K⁺ and eliminates Na⁺ in the urine
Expands blood volume, increasing blood pressure
Causes hematuria
The Correct Answer is C
A. Causes albuminuria: Albuminuria (protein in urine) is a sign of kidney damage, not a direct effect of RAAS activation.
B. Reabsorbs K⁺ and eliminates Na⁺ in the urine: RAAS does the opposite-it reabsorbs sodium and excretes potassium.
C. Expands blood volume, increasing blood pressure: RAAS activation leads to vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention, which raises blood pressure.
D. Causes hematuria: Hematuria (blood in urine) is typically a sign of trauma, infection, or kidney disease-not directly linked to RAAS.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Causes a deficiency of intrinsic factor and pernicious anemia: Intrinsic factor is produced in the stomach, not the liver. Its deficiency leads to pernicious anemia.
B. Causes lactose intolerance: Lactose intolerance is due to lactase deficiency in the small intestine.
C. Causes gastric reflux: Gastroesophageal reflux is typically due to lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction.
D. Causes blood drug levels to reach toxic levels: The liver metabolizes drugs. Impaired hepatic function reduces drug clearance, leading to accumulation and potential toxicity.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Epiglottis: The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that covers the laryngeal opening during swallowing to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway.
B. Tonsils: Tonsils are lymphatic tissues in the pharynx that help trap pathogens, not prevent aspiration.
C. Uvula: The uvula helps close off the nasopharynx, not the trachea, during swallowing.
D. Appendix: The appendix is a blind-ended tube attached to the cecum; it plays no role in swallowing or airway protection.
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