An African American woman noticed some bruises on her newborn girl's buttocks.
She asks the nurse who spanked her daughter.
The nurse explains that these marks are called:

Rationales for Each Condition

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

1. Weight loss: Excessive vomiting leads to poor nutritional intake and dehydration, causing unintended weight loss. The normal weight gain expected in the first trimester of pregnancy is around 0.5–2 kg. A weight loss of 0.9 kg in two weeks is concerning.
2. Hypotension: Dehydration due to persistent vomiting causes reduced intravascular volume, leading to low blood pressure. Normal blood pressure ranges from 90/60 mm Hg to 120/80 mm Hg. The client's 96/52 mm Hg value indicates potential volume depletion.
3. Tachycardia: Fluid loss and electrolyte imbalances increase heart rate as a compensatory mechanism to maintain perfusion. The normal heart rate ranges from 60–100 bpm, and the client's 116 bpm suggests dehydration-related tachycardia.

Cystitis

1. Dysuria: Inflammation of the bladder due to infection causes pain or burning during urination, a classic symptom of cystitis. The absence of other urinary symptoms, such as urgency or hematuria, helps differentiate cystitis from other conditions.

Choice A rationale

Thoroughly cooking meat to an internal temperature of 160°F (71°C) kills the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, thus preventing transmission through ingestion of contaminated meat. This is a crucial preventive measure recommended for pregnant women.

Choice B rationale

Drinking unpasteurized milk poses a risk of toxoplasmosis, as well as other foodborne illnesses like listeriosis and brucellosis. Pasteurization is a process that heats milk to a specific temperature for a set time, killing harmful bacteria and parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii. Therefore, this statement indicates a need for further instruction, as pregnant women should consume only pasteurized dairy products.

Choice C rationale

Cat feces can contain oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii, which can become infectious after a period of sporulation. Avoiding contact with materials possibly contaminated with cat feces, such as litter boxes and garden soil, is an important measure to prevent toxoplasmosis.

Choice D rationale

Handling raw meat can expose a person to Toxoplasma gondii cysts. Avoiding touching mucous membranes of the mouth or eyes after handling raw meat and washing hands thoroughly reduces the risk of self-inoculation with the parasite.