A charge nurse is teaching a group of staff nurses about fetal monitoring during labor.
Which of the following findings should the charge nurse instruct the staff members to report to the provider?

Choice A rationale

Oral contraceptives primarily work by inhibiting ovulation through hormonal regulation. They do not inherently increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). In some cases, they may even offer a protective effect against PID by thickening cervical mucus, which can act as a barrier to ascending infections.

Choice B rationale

Frequent alcohol use can impair the immune system, potentially making an individual more susceptible to infections. However, it is not a direct cause of PID. PID is primarily caused by ascending infections, often sexually transmitted infections, rather than the direct effects of alcohol consumption.

Choice C rationale

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted bacterium and a major cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. Untreated chlamydia infections can ascend from the cervix and uterus to the fallopian tubes and ovaries, leading to inflammation, scarring, and potentially long-term complications such as infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

Choice D rationale

Recurrent cystitis, an infection of the bladder, primarily affects the lower urinary tract. While urinary tract infections are common in women, they do not typically ascend to the reproductive organs and cause pelvic inflammatory disease. PID involves infection of the upper genital tract, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

Choice A rationale

Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, typically occurring in the first trimester. Amniocentesis is a procedure performed later in pregnancy, so hyperemesis is not a direct complication of the procedure.

Choice B rationale

Proteinuria is the presence of protein in the urine, which can be a sign of preeclampsia during pregnancy. While amniocentesis carries a small risk of complications, proteinuria is not a direct expected complication of the procedure itself.

Choice C rationale

Hemorrhage, or excessive bleeding, is a potential complication of amniocentesis because the procedure involves inserting a needle through the abdominal wall and uterus to withdraw amniotic fluid. This can potentially damage blood vessels, leading to bleeding at the insertion site or internally.

Choice D rationale

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. While fetal well-being is monitored during and after amniocentesis, hypoxia is not a direct complication for the mother.