An example of a nurse communicating with a patient using open-ended questions would be:

A. "What was your daughter's reaction to your desire for hospice?" This is an open-ended question as it invites the patient to share feelings or reactions in a broad, unrestricted way.

B. "Did you sleep all night without waking?" This is a closed-ended question that can be answered with a simple "yes" or "no."

C. "How many bowel movements have you had today?" This is a closed-ended question asking for a specific number.

D. “Is your pain less today than it was yesterday?" This is a closed-ended question that requires a "yes" or "no" answer.

A. Defensive response
A defensive response would involve protecting oneself or one's position rather than addressing the patient’s concerns. The nurse’s statement here is more dismissive than defensive.

B. Asking probing questions
Probing questions would involve persistent questioning, which does not apply here, as the nurse is not asking questions but making a dismissive comment.

C. Using clichés
"Every cloud has a silver lining" is a cliché, which may come across as dismissive and minimize the patient’s concerns. Using clichés can make the patient feel unheard and invalidated.

D. Changing the subject

Changing the subject would involve diverting attention to an unrelated topic. The nurse here is not introducing a new topic but is using a cliché instead.