Blood plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity.

A. Renal filtrate refers to the fluid filtered from the blood in the glomerulus, which is the initial stage of urine formation. It does not immediately precede urine.

B. Tubular fluid is the filtrate as it passes through the nephron tubules, undergoing various processes like reabsorption and secretion. This fluid eventually becomes urine, after the final adjustments in the collecting duct.

C. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that is filtered by the glomerulus, but it is not the direct precursor to urine.

D. Glomerular filtrate is the fluid filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus and is the precursor to tubular fluid, not directly to urine.

A. Cutaneous transpiration: While cutaneous transpiration (evaporation of sweat from the skin) contributes to water loss, it is not the primary mechanism controlling water output.

B. Drinking: Drinking affects water intake rather than output. It does not directly control how much water is excreted from the body.

C. Urine volume: Urine volume is the primary means by which the body regulates water output. The kidneys adjust urine volume to maintain fluid balance and homeostasis.

D. Sweating: Sweating contributes to water loss but is not the primary mechanism for controlling overall water output compared to urine production.