Case Study Pneumonia (Adult)

Exhibits
Which findings support the diagnosis of pneumonia?

Productive cough and crackles

Bradycardia and hypotension

Elevated WBC and hypertension

Decreased WBC & clear lung sounds

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is A

A. Productive cough and crackles: These are hallmark signs of pneumonia. A productive cough indicates mucus in the airways, while crackles on auscultation suggest fluid and inflammation in the alveoli, consistent with lower respiratory tract infection.

B. Bradycardia and hypotension: Bradycardia is not typically associated with pneumonia. Hypotension can occur in severe or septic cases, but it is not specific or diagnostic. Neither finding is present in this case, nor do they support the pneumonia diagnosis.

C. Elevated WBC and hypertension: An elevated WBC count does support infection, but hypertension is not characteristic of pneumonia. Blood pressure changes are not diagnostic and may vary based on the individual’s baseline or stress response.

D. Decreased WBC & clear lung sounds: A low WBC count and clear lung sounds argue against an infectious process like pneumonia. These findings would more likely suggest that infection is absent or resolving, not active.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Drive to breathe may be dependent on low levels of oxygen in the blood: Clients with emphysema may have chronically elevated CO₂ levels, which can blunt their central chemoreceptor response. As a result, their respiratory drive may rely more on peripheral chemoreceptors sensing low oxygen levels.

B. Respiratory rate may be increased a great part of the time: While some clients with emphysema may exhibit tachypnea during exertion or exacerbations, this is not a consistent or defining characteristic across all situations.

C. Lung stretch receptors may fail to monitor the patterns of breathing: Lung stretch receptors play a role in the Hering-Breuer reflex, but there is no evidence that they fail to function in emphysema. The issue in emphysema is gas trapping and reduced surface area for gas exchange, not receptor failure.

D. Intercostal muscles contract during inspiration, but fail to relax during expiration: The intercostal muscles assist with ventilation, particularly during increased respiratory effort. However, their relaxation in expiration is typically passive and not impaired in emphysema.

A. Fat-soluble vitamins B. Pancreatic enzymes C. Water-soluble minerals D. Salt supplements

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. Fat-soluble vitamins:Children with cystic fibrosis often require supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) due to impaired fat absorption. However, these alone do not facilitate digestion; they are supplemental and secondary to enzyme therapy.

B. Pancreatic enzymes:Pancreatic enzymes are essential for children with cystic fibrosis because thick mucus blocks pancreatic ducts, preventing digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines. Administering these enzymes with meals promotes the digestion and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

C. Water-soluble minerals:Water-soluble minerals like magnesium or zinc may be needed in some cases, but they do not directly improve digestion or address malabsorption in cystic fibrosis. They are not the primary intervention.

D. Salt supplements:Salt supplements are often needed due to excessive sodium loss in sweat, especially in hot climates or during exercise. However, they help with electrolyte balance, not digestion or nutrient absorption.

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Case Study Pneumonia (Adult) Exhibits Which findings support the diagnosis of pneumonia?

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Case Study Pneumonia (Adult)

Exhibits
Which findings support the diagnosis of pneumonia?