Cytotoxic T cells are like natural killer cells because they both
participate in the specific immune response formation
secrete interferons
participate in nonspecific resistance
secrete granzymes and perforin
The Correct Answer is D
A. Participate in the specific immune response formation: Cytotoxic T cells are part of the adaptive immune system and require antigen-specific activation. NK cells, however, are part of innate immunity and act non-specifically, so this is not a similarity between them.
B. Secrete interferons: While both cell types can influence interferon activity indirectly, their main cytotoxic function does not rely on interferon secretion. This is not the defining feature that makes them similar.
C. Participate in nonspecific resistance: Cytotoxic T cells act in a specific, antigen-dependent manner, unlike NK cells, which function nonspecifically. Therefore, nonspecific resistance is only a feature of NK cells, not both.
D. Secrete granzymes and perforin: Both cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells kill target cells by releasing granzymes and perforin. Perforin forms pores in the target cell membrane, allowing granzymes to enter and trigger apoptosis, making this their shared cytotoxic mechanism.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals:Peripheral resistance is a critical determinant of blood pressure, even in healthy individuals. Resistance in the arterioles directly affects how hard the heart must pump to maintain adequate perfusion.
B. Increases as blood viscosity increases:Higher blood viscosity, such as from elevated hematocrit, increases the internal friction within blood vessels. This greater resistance makes it more difficult for blood to flow, thereby raising peripheral resistance and contributing to higher blood pressure.
C. Increases as blood vessel diameter increases:Peripheral resistance actually decreases as vessel diameter increases because wider vessels allow blood to flow more easily. Vasoconstriction, not dilation, is what increases resistance.
D. Decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel:Resistance increases with the length of a blood vessel since a longer vessel provides more frictional surface for blood flow. Therefore, this statement is incorrect; longer vessels contribute to higher, not lower, peripheral resistance.
Correct Answer is E
Explanation
A. Lymph nodes:Lymph nodes contain both B and T lymphocytes. B cells are primarily found in the outer cortex, where they can respond to antigens and undergo clonal expansion.
B. Spleen:The spleen houses B cells in the white pulp, where they encounter antigens from the blood and can differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies.
C. Tonsil:Tonsils contain B cells within lymphoid follicles. They contribute to immune responses against pathogens entering through the oral and nasal cavities.
D. All of the above contain B cells:This is incorrect because not all the listed organs contain B cells. Most secondary lymphoid organs do, but the thymus is an exception.
E. Thymus:The thymus primarily supports the maturation of T lymphocytes. It does not contain B cells in significant numbers and is considered a primary lymphoid organ for T cell development.
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