Dr. Morgan examines how career goals change over the life span. She is conducting a study in which she distributes a survey and analyzes the results to compare the career goals of a group of twenty-year-olds with the career goals of a group of forty-year-olds. Dr. Morgan is conducting which type of study?
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Cross-sequential
Experimental
Observational
The Correct Answer is B
A. Longitudinal: Longitudinal studies follow the same individuals over time to observe change; Dr. Morgan is comparing different age groups at one time, not following the same people.
B. Cross-sectional: cross-sectional studies compare different age/cohort groups at a single point in time (e.g., twenty-year-olds vs forty-year-olds) to assess age differences.
C. Cross-sequential: Cross-sequential (cohort-sequential) combines cross-sectional and longitudinal elements by following multiple cohorts over time; Dr. Morgan’s design as described is not doing that.
D. Experimental: Experimental implies manipulation of an independent variable and random assignment; Dr. Morgan is surveying/comparing groups, not manipulating variables.
E. Observational: Partially true (cross-sectional studies are observational), but this choice is too general - the specific correct label for comparing two age groups at one time is “cross-sectional.”
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Naturalistic: Gardner’s naturalistic intelligence is seldom measured by standard IQ tests.
B. Kinesthetic: Bodily-kinesthetic abilities are not well captured by paper-and-pencil intelligence tests.
C. Logical: Standard intelligence tests emphasize logical-mathematical reasoning (problem solving, pattern detection), which corresponds to Gardner’s “logical” type.
D. Intrapersonal: Intrapersonal (self-knowledge) is not typically assessed by conventional IQ tests.
E. Interpersonal: Interpersonal/social intelligence is also rarely measured on standard intelligence batteries.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Nature based: "Nature-based" emphasizes biological/genetic causes; it doesn’t by itself indicate whether change is stage-like or gradual.
B. Nurture based: "Nurture-based" emphasizes environmental causes; like (A), this label doesn’t specify continuity vs. discontinuity.
C. Continuity based: Continuity implies gradual, quantitative change (smooth development), which contrasts with the stage idea described.
D. Discontinuity based: stage theories propose qualitative, stepwise shifts in thought (distinct stages) - a discontinuous view of development.
E. Passive based: "Passive" would suggest the developing person is a passive recipient of forces; the vignette describes active stage-like cognitive changes, not passivity.
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