During review of a client's history, the nurse notes that a goiter is present. Which statement best describes a goiter?

Choice A reason: Decreased skin turgor is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a sign of dehydration, not nephrotic syndrome. Dehydration is a condition where the body loses more fluid than it takes in, which can cause the skin to lose its elasticity and firmness. Dehydration can be caused by various factors, such as vomiting, diarrhea, fever, or excessive sweating.

Choice B reason: Hypoalbuminemia is the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a low level of albumin, which is a protein that helps maintain the fluid balance in the body. Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes the kidneys to leak large amounts of protein into the urine, which reduces the amount of protein in the blood. Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, and it helps to keep the fluid in the blood vessels, preventing it from leaking into the tissues. When the albumin level is low, the fluid can escape from the blood vessels and cause edema, which is swelling of the body parts.

Choice C reason: Decreased serum cholesterol is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a low level of cholesterol, which is a type of fat that is needed for the synthesis of hormones, bile acids, and cell membranes. Decreased serum cholesterol is not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome, because the liver tends to produce more cholesterol to compensate for the loss of protein in the urine. This can lead to hypercholesterolemia, which is a condition where the blood has a high level of cholesterol, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Choice D reason: Increased serum sodium is not the most common clinical manifestation of nephrotic syndrome because it is a condition where the blood has a high level of sodium, which is an electrolyte that helps regulate the fluid and acid-base balance in the body. Increased serum sodium is not a common finding in nephrotic syndrome, because the kidneys tend to excrete more sodium in the urine to balance the fluid loss caused by hypoalbuminemia. This can lead to hyponatremia, which is a condition where the blood has a low level of sodium, which can cause symptoms such as confusion, weakness, seizures, and coma.

Choice A reason: Prostaglandins are inflammatory mediators that are derived from arachidonic acid. They are involved in both the early and late phases of type 1 hypersensitivity response, but they do not cause immediate bronchoconstriction and vasodilation. They mainly cause pain, fever, and inflammation.

Choice B reason: Histamine is an inflammatory mediator that is stored in mast cells and basophils. It is released during the early phase of type 1 hypersensitivity response, which occurs within minutes of exposure to an allergen. It causes immediate bronchoconstriction and vasodilation, as well as increased vascular permeability, mucus secretion, and itching.

Choice C reason: Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators that are derived from arachidonic acid. They are involved in the late phase of type 1 hypersensitivity response, which occurs several hours after exposure to an allergen. They cause sustained bronchoconstriction and inflammation, as well as increased mucus production and airway edema.

Choice D reason: Bradykinin is an inflammatory mediator that is formed from plasma proteins. It is not directly involved in type 1 hypersensitivity response, but it may be activated by the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. It causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and pain.