Functions of the skin include: (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
Production of red blood cells.
Assisting with control of body temperature.
Acting as a first line of defense against pathogens.
Prevention of excessive fluid loss.
Synthesis of vitamin D.
The Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]
A. Production of red blood cells is incorrect because red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, not the skin. The skin has no role in hematopoiesis.
B. Assisting with control of body temperature is correct because the skin helps regulate temperature through vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and sweating. Blood vessels in the skin expand to release heat and constrict to conserve heat, while sweat glands produce perspiration that cools the body through evaporation.
C. Acting as a first line of defense against pathogens is correct because the skin serves as a physical barrier that protects underlying tissues from bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microorganisms. The acidic pH of the skin and the presence of antimicrobial proteins also help inhibit pathogen growth.
D. Prevention of excessive fluid loss is correct because the skin acts as a barrier to prevent dehydration by reducing water loss from the body. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, is particularly important in maintaining fluid balance.
E. Synthesis of vitamin D is correct because the skin produces vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health, and this synthesis occurs in the epidermal layers of the skin.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Contaminated food and water is incorrect because TB is not typically transmitted through ingestion. While Mycobacterium bovis (a rare form) can be spread through unpasteurized milk, the vast majority of TB cases are respiratory in origin.
B. Airborne droplets from an infected person is correct because TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which spreads primarily through tiny droplets expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or sings. These droplets can remain suspended in the air for hours, and inhalation by others can lead to infection. Close or prolonged exposure to someone with active pulmonary TB greatly increases the risk of transmission.
C. Indirect contact with contaminated surfaces is incorrect because TB is not easily spread via fomites (objects or surfaces). Unlike viruses such as influenza, TB requires airborne exposure to respiratory droplets for effective transmission.
D. Contact with blood from an infected individual is incorrect because TB is not a bloodborne disease. Transmission through blood exposure is extremely rare and not a primary route of infection.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Intermittent severe flank pain is correct because urolithiasis, or kidney stones, often causes sudden, intense pain in the flank region that may radiate to the lower abdomen, groin, or genitals. The pain is typically colicky, meaning it comes in waves as the stone moves through the urinary tract and causes intermittent obstruction. This type of pain is one of the hallmark signs of kidney stones.
B. Decreased heart rate is incorrect because urolithiasis does not directly affect heart rate. In fact, severe pain may cause tachycardia (increased heart rate) due to stress and sympathetic nervous system activation, rather than a decrease.
C. Abdominal pain that improves with eating is incorrect because this pattern is more characteristic of gastrointestinal conditions, such as peptic ulcers or gastritis, and is not associated with kidney stones. The pain from stones is mechanical and related to obstruction, not digestion.
D. Gradual onset of bilateral leg pain is incorrect because kidney stones usually cause sudden, unilateral pain corresponding to the side of the affected kidney or ureter. Leg pain unrelated to the urinary tract is not a typical symptom of urolithiasis.
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