Functions of the skin include: (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
Production of red blood cells.
Assisting with control of body temperature.
Acting as a first line of defense against pathogens.
Prevention of excessive fluid loss.
Synthesis of vitamin D.
The Correct Answer is ["B","C","D","E"]
A. Production of red blood cells is incorrect because red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, not the skin. The skin has no role in hematopoiesis.
B. Assisting with control of body temperature is correct because the skin helps regulate temperature through vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and sweating. Blood vessels in the skin expand to release heat and constrict to conserve heat, while sweat glands produce perspiration that cools the body through evaporation.
C. Acting as a first line of defense against pathogens is correct because the skin serves as a physical barrier that protects underlying tissues from bacteria, viruses, and other harmful microorganisms. The acidic pH of the skin and the presence of antimicrobial proteins also help inhibit pathogen growth.
D. Prevention of excessive fluid loss is correct because the skin acts as a barrier to prevent dehydration by reducing water loss from the body. The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, is particularly important in maintaining fluid balance.
E. Synthesis of vitamin D is correct because the skin produces vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption and bone health, and this synthesis occurs in the epidermal layers of the skin.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. A mole that is smaller than 6 mm is incorrect because while size can be a factor in melanoma, smaller moles are generally less concerning. Melanomas are often larger than 6 mm, but early lesions can be smaller, so size alone is not the most alarming sign.
B. A mole that resembles all other moles on the body is incorrect because this represents the “E” or “evolution” principle in dermatology, meaning moles that are similar to surrounding moles are less likely to be malignant. Melanoma often stands out as different from other moles (the “ugly duckling” sign).
C. A mole with multiple colors is correct because the “C” in the ABCD mnemonic stands for Color. A mole with multiple shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue is concerning for melanoma. Variation in color reflects abnormal melanocyte activity and irregular pigment deposition, which is a hallmark of malignant change.
D. A mole with symmetrical borders is incorrect because symmetrical moles are generally less concerning. The “B” in ABCD stands for Border, and irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined borders are a warning sign of melanoma. Symmetry is more characteristic of benign nevi.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Western European is incorrect because sickle cell anemia is rare among individuals of Western European descent. While carriers exist, the prevalence is much lower than in populations of African ancestry.
B. Native American is incorrect because sickle cell anemia is uncommon in Native American populations. Other hemoglobinopathies, like thalassemia, may be more prevalent in specific indigenous groups.
C. African is correct because sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive mutation in the HBB gene, which affects the beta chain of hemoglobin. This mutation leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin S, causing red blood cells to adopt a sickle shape under low oxygen conditions. Sickle-shaped cells are rigid, sticky, and prone to hemolysis, leading to anemia, vaso-occlusive crises, and organ damage. The gene is more commonly found in individuals of African descent, as heterozygosity (carriers) provides some protection against malaria, which historically explains the high prevalence in Africa.
D. Asian is incorrect because sickle cell anemia is relatively rare in Asian populations. Other hemoglobin disorders, such as thalassemia, are more common in Southeast Asian and Mediterranean populations.
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