Signs and symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection may include which of the following? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
Flank pain
Urgent sensation to urinate
Fever
Dysuria
Cloudy urine
The Correct Answer is ["B","D","E"]
A. Flank pain is incorrect because flank pain is more commonly associated with an upper urinary tract infection such as pyelonephritis. It indicates kidney involvement rather than a lower urinary tract infection, which typically affects the bladder and urethra.
B. Urgent sensation to urinate is correct because urinary urgency is a hallmark symptom of a lower urinary tract infection, particularly cystitis. Inflammation of the bladder causes a frequent and urgent need to void even when little urine is present.
C. Fever is incorrect because fever is more commonly seen in upper urinary tract infections. While it can occasionally occur in lower UTIs, it is not a typical or defining symptom and suggests possible progression to a more serious infection.
D. Dysuria is correct because pain or burning during urination is a classic symptom of a lower urinary tract infection due to irritation and inflammation of the urethra and bladder lining.
E. Cloudy urine is correct because the presence of bacteria, white blood cells, and debris in the urine can cause it to appear cloudy. This is a common finding in lower urinary tract infections.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Alpha hemolysis is characterized by partial lysis of red blood cells on blood agar, leading to a greenish or brownish discoloration around bacterial colonies rather than a clear zone. This occurs because the bacteria produce hemolysins that oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin, causing the greenish hue, but do not completely lyse the red blood cells. In contrast, beta hemolysis results in complete destruction of red blood cells and a clear zone surrounding the colonies. Therefore, alpha hemolysis produces incomplete hemolysis with color change rather than full destruction and clearing of the agar.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Bronchoconstriction of the airway is incorrect because bronchoconstriction refers to narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles, as seen in asthma. Pulmonary edema involves fluid in the alveoli, not constriction of the airways.
B. Irreversible, abnormal widening of the bronchi is incorrect because this describes bronchiectasis, a chronic condition involving permanent dilation of the bronchi due to repeated infections or inflammation. It is unrelated to the fluid accumulation characteristic of pulmonary edema.
C. Fluid collection in the alveoli is correct because pulmonary edema occurs when excess fluid leaks from pulmonary capillaries into the alveolar spaces, impairing gas exchange. This fluid may result from increased hydrostatic pressure in left-sided heart failure (cardiogenic edema), capillary damage due to ARDS or toxins (non-cardiogenic edema), or fluid overload. Clinical manifestations include dyspnea, orthopnea, frothy or pink-tinged sputum, crackles on auscultation, and hypoxemia. Pulmonary edema can progress rapidly and lead to respiratory failure if untreated.
D. Infection of the pleural cavity is incorrect because this describes empyema, not pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema involves the alveoli, whereas empyema is pus in the pleural space often secondary to pneumonia or thoracic infection.
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